Postmodernism and Politics Essay

Postmodernism has revealed how science has been political largely because of how postmodernism approaches science, for instance. Postmodern thought does not consider the scientific method as the sole basis for determining the truth or understanding the world as there are many other approaches which, for all we know, may also be more or less valid (Cole, Hill & Rikowski, 1997, p. 189). In doing so, postmodernism views the scientific method as one of the reasons why science has dominated not only the academic circles but the bastion of human knowledge in its entirety. Basically, anything that has been established by the methods of science has been collectively understood as the truth or the closest that we can get to truth (Mirchandani, 2005, p. 93). The result is simply staggering—science has become power itself in shaping the course of human civilization. One example is how the development of the atomic bomb through careful scientific research and experiment has led the way to the contemporary proliferation of nuclear power. Countries have become all the more powerful because of their possession of nuclear armaments that could easily wipe away the threats to their sovereignty. Another example is the way in which science has created technological means for hastening the production and distribution of goods across geographical boundaries. The scientific advancement in terms of cyber technology and the internet has contributed to the increase in the capabilities of local and global businesses. In effect, large corporations have gained more ways to expand their wealth and, therefore, their influence over governments. Postmodernism has made all of these circumstances clearer than before although critics point out that postmodernism merely reveals the power of science and the other ways of explaining why science has gained such wide influence over various societies (Lee, 1999, p. 744). In essence, postmodernism has revealed the breadth of the influence and power of science over humanity inasmuch as science has largely contributed to the assimilation of political power and force over the years. Other ways may be developed in explaining how science has behaved in more recent times in changing the political landscape of the world, but postmodernism will agree that those ways do not necessarily stand of lesser significance than the scientific approaches. References Cole, M. , Hill, D. , & Rikowski, G. (1997). Between Postmodernism and Nowhere: The Predicament of the Postmodernist. British Journal of Educational Studies, 45(2), 187-200. Lee, J. (1999). The Utility of a Strategic Postmodernism. Sociological Perspectives, 42(4), 739-753. Mirchandani, R. (2005). Postmodernism and Sociology: From the Epistemological to the Empirical. Sociological Theory, 23(1), 86-115.

Building a New Supply Chain

The background of the case is that a company performs garbage pickup from construction sites. Often the construction site wants them to leave a bin there or sometimes they simply pile up the garbage and the company's employees load the material into the garbage truck. Typically a truck full of garbage at the depot costs $200 per truck to empty. The company charges $350 per load, so there is little profit especially when taking overhead into account (labor and the cost of the truck).The owner wonders how other companies seem to be making so much money. One day he owner finds a lot of old refrigerators and metal fencing at one of the pickup locations. He has heard that there are some companies that pick this up for free and resell the material to companies looking for scrap metal. Being entrepreneurial and worried about his business, he investigates. He finds that he is able to make an additional $200 per shipment of scrap metal, making his new profit $550 per load!He gets excited and starts to think about what other opportunities may be out there with similar reverse supply chains. Some additional problems that this company have are elated to what its profit really is for each of its transactions, what challenges this company would have to look at alternative materials and markets and what the current competition is for his company's type of business and lastly what approaches this company should take to ensure it was successful.Cause – The main cause behind many of these questions the company is asking itself and problems that it is currently having with profitability lay in the appearance that the company has not built itself a good business plan for any step of the company. A business plan helps outline what you need to start a business, but it also helps you prepare for your future and any issues along the way. Your business plan should clarify why you exist, who your customers are, what products or services you provide, how you plan to create and del iver your products or services, and where your business is going.It looks like the owner has started the company with only a small idea of what is possible within their industry scope and has not thought through all the steps that they should take on in order to be a marketable, profitable and long lasting company. Little thought has gone into who the customers are, what equipment is required, what process would be the most profitable and how to market themselves to the correct customer base. The whole business is based on a reverse logistics model and inserting themselves into this construction supply chain as the provider of reverse logistics systems to their construction customers.It is astounding to see that the owner has not fully considered how to best provide benefit to their clients and maximize their profitability through these services. To hear that the owner has heard that some companies† pick up materials for free and resell them clearly shows that the company has not identified the biggest opportunity for profitability in this type of business. Stating that their new profit could also be $550 per load is also strange in that there appears to be very little understanding of accounting related to determining profitability and cost of overheads.Based on the example provided, any revenues would have expenses of the cost of the truck (including initial purchase, fuel and any maintenance), the cost of the person driving the truck, the cost of the arson piling the garbage into the truck (if this service is required) and the cost paid at the depot for disposal. There can be further costs related to equipment or training required for their people to be on a construction site including Personnel Protective Equipment and any certifications required to handle waste.Many of these elements would be considered if the company took the time to consider what the actual business plan for the company is and whether this would lead to a profitable organization. Analysis – When looking at the market space that this company is attempting to play in, the following information shows that there indeed is a market for these services. Within the industry there is a name for the materials that are left over at a construction, renovation of demolition site. These items are called construction & demolition materials (C&D).The most common materials are concrete, wood, drywall, asphalt shingles, asphalt pavement, metal and cardboard. These materials typically make up 70 to 95 percent of the discarded material at a residential or commercial site. In the past these items were often discarded but are actually liable commodities that can be recycled into new products or used in many new ways. When perceived as waste, disposal of C&D materials is often viewed as simply part of the cost of doing business, and recycling and reusing these materials are sometimes overlooked as management options.Recycling can benefit a construction business's bottom lin e, it benefits the environment and a construction company's recycle policy can be a contributing factor to them being awarded a project. Concrete can be recycled into many markets that currently use crushed stone. Because concrete is commonly recycled, numerous concrete recycling facilities exist across the country. Asphalt pavement is heavily recycled currently and is commonly crushed and recycled back into asphalt, either in-place or at a hot-mix asphalt plant.Asphalt shingles can also be ground and recycled into hot-mix asphalt. Clean, untreated wood can be re-milled into lumber or chipped or ground and used to make engineered board, boiler fuel and mulch. Common metals found at a construction, demolition or renovation site include steel, aluminum, and copper. Construction sites frequently generate large amounts of cardboard waste when new appliances and materials are delivered to the site in cardboard boxes. Markets are well-established for metals and cardboard.Local metal scrap yards or recyclers that accept these materials are likely easily accessible. Gypsum in drywall can be removed and recycled into many markets that commonly use gypsum, including new drywall manufacture, cement manufacture and agriculture. All of these items should be materials the owner should investigate as to whether the local construction sites are enervating these materials and whether there are local resources available to buy and recycle these materials from construction companies or the pickup company.Another factor to review is whether recyclers accept mixed loads of materials, or if it is more profitable to separate the materials, which can be done onsite by placing the materials in separate boxes or piles. When developing a business plan, an important first step is to look for the local resources currently available. Contact local and provincial waste regulators and learn what is and is not permissible to recycle. Many rabbinical or local officials have lists of local recy clers and their locations that they can share with you.These local recyclers should be contacted to determine what they take and what these conditions of payment are. They may also be able to share guidance for best recycling practices in your area. It is also possible to research local waste haulers through this method to better determine the level of competition there is for the types of garbage pickup services that they provide. One key factor within the market space for recycling materials is the importance of these recycling orgasm to today's construction environment.There is increased interest in constructing green buildings and this has generated more interest in recycling C materials. Providing knowledge of how to recycle C materials can make a company a vital asset to a green building project. The most common method of green building certification in North America is through the Green Building Council. The Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LED) certif ication process requires that the building attain points for various green attributes, including energy savings, trials usage, indoor environmental quality and efficient water usage.Certification is granted during the construction phase. Points are given for reusing materials, using materials with recycled content and recycling the waste that is produced at the construction site. Different levels of certification can be attained depending on the number of points the building gains. Even if LED certification is not the goal of the building owner, committing to recycling a certain percentage of the materials generated at a Jobless can be a great marketing tool and can give a construction company an edge over its competition.Since green building certification grants points based on recycled amounts, implementing a tracking system will aid companies in attaining LED points for recycling. Some contractors have their waste haulers report the amount of material that is currently disposed a nd recycled from their construction sites. That way, contractors can evaluate how they can increase the amount of material that is recycled from each site.Another example of how a company can differentiate themselves in this space is by providing services that eliminate the need for transporting and disposing of materials by recycling onsite. For example, waste concrete can be ground and used as fill, and clean wood, drywall, and cardboard can be ground and used onsite as a soil amendment. New, smaller, portable grinders can be relatively inexpensive and safe to use at Jobless. Some of these machines can be hitched to pickup trucks, while others are attachments for excavators.Some challenges when looking at all of these options are related to having the appropriate equipment for providing the potential services demanded by the customer base. There can be significant overhead costs attached to these equipment purchases. Availability and cost of labor will also be a key factor in deci sions. If the appropriate research is not done up front, including discussions with the potential customer base, investments can be made in equipment and people that does not drive the revenue to cover the costs.Before Jumping into a specific market area or activity, the owner must ensure that the demand is there. Solution – The owner of this garbage pickup company needs to wake up and do his research with a goal to developing a complete business plan. Currently the owner is thinking of only kicking up garbage from construction sites and disposing them, which does indeed save the construction company these reverse logistics efforts, but clearly misses out on the big picture of what is possible in this service space.The customer base which is construction companies, are being driven very heavily toward recycling their materials for various reasons. They can reduce their hauling and disposal costs by keeping valuable C&D materials out of landfills. The substitution of recycled C&D materials in place of virgin materials in new products and processes results in substantial energy savings and greenhouse gas reduction. Recycling C&D materials equates to green building points.As green building becomes increasingly popular, proven knowledge about the benefits of green building-?and green building practices-?is likely to boost construction business, since many customers are now looking for this service. Using recycled materials in new structures and recycling C&D materials produced during construction can help you achieve the LED certification that construction company customers want. All of this leads to a very strong potential market for the services that a garbage pickup company can provide.The company can offer sorting of the products on the site, the company could offer onsite recycling, the company can ensure that they track the materials so that their customers can obtain the maximum lead points and market themselves as a green construction company. The p ickup company can also very finely determine what their charge should be to the construction company based on their knowledge of what the recycling company will pay for materials. This can allow them to maximize profit while remaining at an appropriate marketable cost to the construction companies.They could provide flexible, scalable services at the appropriate cost. The owner needs to talk to the customer base and find the niches that will allow them to compete. Work through the business plan, identify what they can afford to invest in, develop the relationships with customers and clients, market themselves appropriately and then work the plan. There is little question that reverse logistics is a growing concern in the construction industry when it comes to C&D materials. The market is there for garbage pickup companies who can show the greatest value.

Ahhh...The Test

Do you ever feel sweat coming from your hands? If you say yes, I bet I know why your hands are sweating†¦ it’s the test, isn’t it? I know it’s creepy, but here are ways to help you get good grades on everything you get. You don’t cheat, you practice, and you let your brain do the work, these are the advice I would give you, if you follow them, I hope that you should get a higher grade on your test. The following paragraphs will show you why you should follow my advices. My first advice is you don’t cheat. For example if you cheat, it’s called cheating, and that won’t help you pass the test, you might pass it, but what is it worth for? You will not understand anything they teach you, so re you cheating them, or are you really cheating yourself? Cheating is bad, because once in a while you’ll get caught by the teacher. Another advice is you practice. For example if you practice you’ll get smarter. And then you can do the test like it is a piece of cake. Have you ever heard the phrase â€Å"Practice makes perfect†? Well believe in that phrase. It has proved very useful. I strongly believe in that phrase, because if you keep practicing, you will eventually find what kind of mistakes your making, and then you’ll learn to avoid all those mistakes. The last advice is you let your brain do the work. For example since you’ve practiced so hard for it, relax, I mean be nervous a little, but don’t worry too much, relax and have faith in yourself, say this in your head â€Å"I’m going to ace this test!†. Your brain will speed through the questions as if they were nothing much than a bug. In conclusion don’t cheat, because it’s going to get you nowhere.(except maybe the principle’s office.) Practice, Practice, Practice, because if you don’t you’ll regret it. And let your brain do all the work, because your brain has all the facts you need. Follow these advices, and there will be unlimited possibilities for your future. TRUST ME, when I used all these methods, I got the highest score on the 5th grade math test. And remember this is a secret between you and me†¦ don’t tell a soul. Good luck on your test†¦ oh wait, you don’t need luck you have skills on your side, so go ace that test!

Are there benefits to attending a single-sex school Essay

Are there benefits to attending a single-sex school - Essay Example In relation to this, results of many studies show that boys and girls in coeducation tend to perform better. This essay will argue whether the advantages of coeducation outweigh the disadvantages. The information provided by the University of Michigan shows that students who attend single schools perform better than those in coeducation schools because of the challenges that occur in coeducation1. Single-sex schools reduce gender inequality that is very common in coeducation schools. In support of this claim, Hughes say that most teachers support the opinion raised by yelling male students in the classroom and ignore the girls who are raising their hand waiting for the opportunity for answering a question3. Alonsoand his friendsclaim that male dominance make girls become more silent in single-sex schools than coeducation schools4. Some of the teachers also have the habit of valuing girls more than boys in the classroom, as well as the field. Such diversion of attention to gender is the main contributor to poor performance in co-education  and high performance in single schools. In connection with this argument, Alonso and his colleagues say that single-sex schools protect s tudents from gender stereotypes4. For instance, it is evident that girls perform well in male-dominated subjects like mathematics and science better in single-sex schools than coeducation schools because of the competition pressure from male students. Boyson the other hand, do subjects that were done in the past by females such as music and poetry in single-sex schools than co-education. In other words, single-sex schools contribute to the increase of student’s confidence in some academic subjects. The performance of girls and boys in coeducation is also affected by their age. According to Morin, students in high school develop some characters because of peer pressure and adolescence5. For instance, male students may compete against each other over some girls in the classroom or

The topic can be proposed by the writer Term Paper

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Term Paper Example However, in the contemporary market conditions, business affairs are highly complex in nature. There are many situations in the economy where few corporate firms in the industry possess extraordinary powers to manipulate the price and quantity supplied. These are situations when the resource apportion in the economy are not proficiently executed. The wastage of productive resources in the economy leads to social welfare dampening. Thus, for ensuring proper economic development in a nation, the economy must be guided by the Mixed Economic Principles. In such situations, the power and the antitrust practices of the private business organizations are controlled by the public authorities. This project would focus on the antitrust behavior of the famous multinational company of Microsoft in U.S. (Ross, â€Å"The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal's Problem†). Monopoly Market In the theory of economics, a monopoly market structure is characterized with no competition in the ma rket. In this type of a market structure, there is only one seller in the market. On the other hand, the number of buyers in the industry is infinite. The single seller has the power to manipulate the market price of the product or service sold by him. The type of product or service sold by a monopoly seller in the market may be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature. A monopoly seller is a profit maximizing agent in the industry. Figure 1: AR and MR Curve of a Monopoly Producer AR, MR Price or Average Revenue Curve (P or AR) Marginal Revenue Curve (MR) Quantity (Source: Authors Creation) The above diagram shows that the price or average revenue curve of a monopolist in the market is negatively sloped. The marginal revenue curve is also downward sloping for a monopolist. In the long run, a monopolist may enjoy normal (break-even) profit, supernormal profit or loss. A monopolist in the market discriminates among its consumers on the basis of the product prices charged to the customer s (Gravelle and Rees 145). Figure2: Price Discrimination (Source: Stole, â€Å"Price Discrimination and Imperfect Competition†) As shown in the above diagram, a monopolist may discriminate among its consumers on the basis of prices. In the above diagram, for the s=2 demand curve, the monopolist charges price p2 and it charges price p1 for the demand curve s=1. It may seem that a monopoly structure is a hypothetical market but by adopting special business strategies, a firm might become a natural monopolist in the industry. Figure 3: Natural Monopolist (Source: Tragakes 184) A single seller may grasp an entire share of market demand by taking the First Mover Advantage in business. By increasing the base of customers, the company may enjoy economies of scale in production. Scale economies in the long run would help the firm to minimize the average cost of production. In such a situation, it would be impossible for another firm to enter in the industry and sell products at such low average costs. Thus, a natural monopolist in the market enjoys scale in economies of production and prevents other firms from entering the industry. Figure 4: Welfare Loss in Monopoly (Source: Mankiw and Taylor 253) As stated in the above diagram, the efficient quantity of output is much more than the monopoly output threshold. On

Inquiring & Exploring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inquiring & Exploring - Essay Example In light of the above, there are many who have seen utilitarianism as the solution to man’s moral and ethical problems. Sidgwick postulates that utilitarianism remains the best solution to many ethical and moral puzzles since it merely seeks happiness and fairness for the greatest number of people. Sidgwick continues that this has always been an important consideration in the discharging of civil responsibilities by the government, the individual and many other major powers. The crux of the matter herein is that utilitarianism addresses happiness and fairness, in lieu of morals and ethics. Because of this, utilitarianism is passed on as being more pragmatic and therefore, suitable for the discharging of public, civil and personal obligations. The fact that ethics and morality are too relative (being specific to ethno-linguistic groupings) to be absorbed in the operations of the government and other major powers underscores this argument (Sidgwick, 256). Conversely, Sidgwick wa xes polemical in favor of utilitarianism, on the account that utilitarianism takes consequences of all actions into consideration, and this consideration is essential in setting up and maintaining a civilized society. If a people would be bereft of the awareness of the consequences of crime, then there would be an absence of deterrence to crime. Herein, the accusation that utilitarianism is silent on moral and ethical issues is conclusively addressed, since the consequences of all actions are considered and thereby providing the society with deterrence (Sidgwick, 258). Closely related to the argument above, is the observation that utilitarianism does not heavily borrow on controversial and unverifiable metaphysical and theological claims or principles. This makes utilitarianism accessible and practical to all. Likewise, utilitarianism strengthens and promotes democratic approaches to decision making since minorities are not accorded the chance to dominate over the majority (Sidgwick , 259, 260). However, it is still debatable if the reasons presented above would be enough to give utilitarianism the cleanest bill of health. Fundamentally, utilitarianism is aimed at happiness. It is uncertain whether this happiness should be measured according to the quantity of pleasure as Bentham proposed, or according to the quality of happiness which would ensue from an action, as Mill envisioned. The lucidity of the argument that utilitarianism encourages and upholds democracy is also very questionable. This is because, utilitarianism seeks the greatest happiness of the greatest number as the guiding moral principle, meaning that it solely considers the majority. Democracy is not just about the majority having their way, but the interests of the minority also being safeguarded. As a matter of fact, labeling an act as morally right because the greatest number derive happiness from it, is lacking since many a time, history is replete with the whims of the majority being wrong. Galileo Galilei was persecuted by a representation of the majority for stating that the earth was not flat, but round, for instance (Ewing,

Development of the new england colonies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development of the new england colonies - Essay Example In 1608, a branch of separatist group of Scrooby decided to flee to Holland. This group comprised of humble individuals, and in Holland, they found low paying jobs. This situation caused some people of the group to quit for other religions. In 1620, a large group of separatist pilgrim left for Mayflower a region that was named Plymouth situated on the Coast of what is today Southeastern Massachusetts. Unfortunately, this group encountered many problems in the new world. For instance, they had the difficulty of crossing the ocean and inadequate supply of food left many hungry. The local Indians assisted Plymouth Colony, and they survived the harsh conditions (Smith 1963, 33). Many puritans who were still living in England were now interest in colonization. In 1629, a group of lawyers and merchants organized a company they called Massachusetts Bay. As time went by, Massachusetts received a royal charter securing its rights to govern the region of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. It too k a short time for people to settle in New England by about over twenty thousand settlers. According to Anderson (1992, 66-68), the settlers built towns in the New World. Charles II continued to issue royal charters to these immigrants in 1660s, in that some of them decided to settle in Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and Rhodes Island. Massachusetts successfully conquered New Hampshire in the 1640’s but it was until 1679 when it became a separate colony. In addition, the New England colonists divided the land among themselves in that some families had about 150 acres of land. As this habit continued, the increasing number of young families moved on to western Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. Men headed their families in that they sought strict respect and obedience from their children even when they became adults. On the other hand, wives were to be submissive to their husbands. During that time, the law demanded that women who possessed any property were required to surrender it before marriage. At that time, the issue of divorce was almost impossible until the dawn of late eighteenth century. When elections were held in colonies, women were not allowed to vote. Only the widows and single women in society held the same rights as men. The colonies utilized town meetings as basis of their self-governance whereby, town meetings required unanimous consent of all town men. Church played a vital role in the development of new colonies in England. Churches were established at the same time towns were being built. Ministers held much power in that they had the ability to influence over the private and public lives of the people but held no government offices. The colonists were demanded to attend church services and assist ministers in their work in all colonies. New England did not enjoy harmony as the arriving immigrants from England who began to settle in New England disagreed with the local people. These conflicts emerged over different issues such as the right way to regulate livestock, plant crops and distribute land. Towns developed and became overcrowded resulting in many families relocating to outlying districts and wanted to establish their own schools and churches. Religion was the main banning issue in New England among the colonies such as Virginia, New Hampshire, a

Thatcherism in British Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thatcherism in British Politics - Essay Example The measures laid down by her continue to be in place even up to the time of Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, John Major and even David Cameron. Her determination in politics and the changes that she accomplished made her be respected and be viewed as being influential in many parts of the world. She is considered one of the most dynamic and plain-spoken leaders of Britain. Ideologies of Thatcherism At the time of her election, Britain was in an economic crisis and was faced with political tumult. Most trade unions at that time had engaged in strikes, and the country was at the verge of collapsing. In fact, the country was nearly bankrupt when she got elected. Thatcher made efforts to sweep polices and laws that had been set at the time of World War II. The ideas that were proposed by Margret Thatcher can be compared to ideologies that she advocated for during her reign as prime minister. Research has shown that her ideas were not original in any way within her regime. Moreover, her ideas w ere not consistent within during her reign, and that she established a culture of rampant materialism within the British history. In fact, it has been identified that her policies and ideas were conservative, and she in most cases contracted herself in regard to her own values. For instances, she advocated for less government intervention in various issues, and at the same time, this required a strong state. In an effort to make changes during her reign, Margret Thatcher put forward a number of principles that would serve to guide her in task execution. For instance, she proposed and implemented reduced power of trade unions within her state (Knight, 2010, 59). This was aimed at averting strikes and related activities within Britain. The other issue was that of encouraging individuals to be entrepreneurs so that they would create employment opportunities for themselves and others. This would serve to maintain economic stability and apart from contributing to economic development and improving the living standards of those involved in business activities (Burch & Moran, 1987, 168). Thatcher’s other ideology was the issue of imposing of lower taxes than those that were prevailing within the state. This would encourage business activities and promote private investments within the state. It would also serve to encourage foreign investors, and the result would be stability in the economy and creation of employment opportunities for the citizens. In addition to the above tenets, stated that there would be reduced government interference in the daily life of people within Britain. This would serve to promote freedom to carry out activities within the state. It would also enable individuals to carry out their activities without fear of being disturbed by the government. Finally, she was for the idea of restoring national pride within Britain during her regime. This was to be achieved through having a sturdy foreign strategy and defense system. Research has con firmed that these tenets were the core components of Thatcher's ideologies within her regime that served to eliminate the gradual processes within the country. She tried to move the country rapidly in a conservative direction. This made her acquire the title of a revolutionary, conservative leader during her

Abuse in the Movie Unleashed Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Abuse in the Movie Unleashed - Research Paper Example The research paper "Abuse in the Movie Unleashed" talks about the abuse within the film "Unleashed" particularly the kind of abuse with the utter disregard of the rights and needs of a fellow human being. The film Danny the Dog also released as Unleashed is a stark and compelling reminder of the segments of society that promote and condone abuse for their own selfish ends, and how victims are treated. These sordid details are often never brought to light as they are shameful to civilized societies, yet they persist in secrecy either with or without the support of corrupt officials and criminals. Fighting to the death is common in Taiwan, Bangkok, Vietnam and many other nations where this illicit sport draws crowds yearning to see one human being inflict punishment on another till he gives up, is maimed for life or worse still, loses his life just to please the organizers, his manager and a bloodthirsty crowd who are looking for cheap thrills but should clearly know better. All such a ctivity is illegal and punishable by Law in all civilized cities of the world. Originally released as Danny the Dog, French director Louis Letterier’s action thriller starring Jet Li in the lead role was his first experiment with the action thriller genre. He was originally interested in music but began his foray into films by studying at the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. Louis has gone out to direct such action thrillers as the Transporter & Transporter 2, The Hulk, and the Titans.

Social Movements Essay Example for Free

Social Movements Essay It appears that as the civil rights movement was developing in the 1960s other minority groups were joining the cause. The American Indians were one of these groups. One specific account of this movement was captured by an article in the New York Times. An American Indian woman living in New York started pushing for the responsible use of traditional Indian customs. She started to organize and promote these traditional customs in an effort to bring the American Indians together. At the heart of her movement she promoted the building of a central facility where American Indians could meet and further organize (J. K, 1968). Another significant event was taken place during this period that directly related to the civil rights movement. A testament to the contributions of the American Indians was being recognized at the American Museum. A special dedication was established to show the traditions and early beginnings of the American Indians. This dedication was just another example of the changing times and the new appreciation for other cultures. Along with the new exhibit, American Indians were beginning to find their way into mainstream society. Their unique styles and practices had become well known in the culture and were seen in many fashion statements (New York Times, 1966). While the identity of the American Indian may have seen resurgence during this time there were also many elements of prejudice still seen in mainstream media. Indians being portrayed as drunkards and always in need of white assistance was common in some popular shows. These stereotypes only amplified the issues American Indians were having in establishing themselves as a significant part of American culture. Issues with stereotypes and how minority groups were being portrayed in the media had been previously established in the civil rights movement but they only represented African Americans and Puerto Ricans. The move to include the American Indian population only reestablishes how necessary the civil rights movement was (R.E., 1968). References By, J. K. (1968, Sep 18). The american indian: Part of city, and yet . . New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/118351072?accountid=35812 New indian hall opens at american museum. (1966, May 24). New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/117044919?accountid=35812 By, R. E. (1968, Mar 22). American indian group accuses several media of discrimination. New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/118214039?accountid=35812

Candida Magnoliae Glycerol Yield

Candida Magnoliae Glycerol Yield Abstract Candida magnoliae, isolated from honey comb and Candida glycerinogenes, isolated from natural environment were compared for their potential to produce glycerol from glucose. The highest yield of glycerol was 55% for C. magnoliae and 64.5% for C. glycerinogenes. C. glycerinogenes yields 9% of higher concentration of glycerol than C. magnoliae. For C. magnoliae the optimum conditions were a temperature of 30 °C and a pH of 5. The optimum conditions for C. glycerinogenes were a temperature of 32 °C  and a pH of about 5. The required medium composition for glycerol production was 160 g/L of glucose, 3 g/L of yeast extract, 5 g/L of peptone for C. magnoliae and 230 g/L of glucose, 5 ml/L of corn step liquor, 5-6 g/L of phosphate for C. glycerinogenes. Introduction Glycerol, a simple alcohol which contains three hydroxyl group. Glycerol is also known as glycerine or 1,2,3-Propanetriol. Glycerol has many uses in pharmaceutical, food, paint, cosmetic industries. Glycerol can be used additional fuel in boilers due to its high calorific value. The physiochemical properties and chemical composition of glycerol varies from other fuels. Glycerol is a odourless, colourless, viscous liquid with sweet taste. Glycerol contains three hydrophilic hydroxyl groups which is responsible for its solubility in water. Glycerol has a melting point of 17.9 oC and boiling point of 290 oC. Molecular formula of glycerol is CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH. Glycerol can be transformed to various value added chemicals such as dihydroxyacetone, succinic acid, citric acid, ethanol, hydrogen etc., Until now the fermentative metabolism of glycerol was being reported in species of bacteria like Citrobacter sp, Enterobacter sp, Lactobacillus sp, Propionibacterium sp, Clostridium and many fungi species. Glycerol has become an abundant carbon source and inexpensive. Glycerol is also produced by yeast fermentation process. Glycerol is obtained as a byproduct during the fermentation of sugar to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increased glycerol production from monosaccharides can be obtained using yeast fermentation. The production of glycerol in the laboratory is possible by yeast Candida magnoliae and osmotolerant yeast Candida glycerinogenes. Using genetic information, there are new possibilities in the field of fermentation and metabolic engineering. The Overexpression or blocking of genes could potentially can increase yield or productivity. Triose phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in glycolytic pathway that directs dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. When this triose phosphate isomerase gene was deleted, the mutant is able to achieve higher yield of glycerol. Overexpression of GPD1 gene in yeast increases glycerol production simultaneously increases the accumulation of byproducts such as succinate, acetate, pyruvate etc., This work briefs about the comparison of glycerol production in Candida magnoliae and Candida glycerinogenes. For the design of fermentation process, culture media optimization is an essential step. Many parameters such as phosphate, sulfate, temperature and pH have been found to affect the productivity of glycerol by these microorganisms. Hence these were optimized in prior to other parameters. Materials and Methods Organisms and Media All fermentation procedures were carried out with both C. magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes. C. magnoliae cells were propagated in medium containing 3 g/L of yeast extract, 160 g/L of glucose, 3 g/L of malt extract, 5 g/L of peptone. C. glycerinogenes cells were propagated in medium containing 150 g/L of glucose, 2 g/L of urea and 7 ml/L of corn steep liquor. YEP medium is required to grow C. glycerinogenes and YM medium is required to grow C. magnoliae. The cells were grown until the density reaches 0.2 OD. Fermentation process Fermentations were carried out in 250 ml shake flasks with a working volume of 50 ml. To the working medium 5% (v/v) of C. glycerinogenes and C. magnoliae were inoculated in different flasks. Flask for C. glycerinogenes was incubated at 31 oC and flask for C. magnoliae was incubated at 30 oC for 48 hours. Magnetically stirred 3-l fermentor was used for fermentation with working volume of 1-l. The medium was agitated at 500 rpm and aerated at 2.0 l/min. Analytical methods Glucose concentration was determined using glucose analyzer and glycerol concentration was monitored and confirmed with HPLC using an Aminex HPX 87H column with differential refractive index detector. Other compounds like ethanol, organic acid were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results Candida magnoliae was isolated from honey comb. C. magnoliae can utilize glucose as a carbon source for growth. It strongly ferments glucose to glycerol. This yeast is able to grow in YM medium containing glucose, yeast extract, malt extract and peptone. C. glycerinogenes was isolated from natural environment of high osmotic pressure. Glucose can be used as carbon source by this organism for glycerol production. Optimization Effect of Glucose concentration on glycerol production The effect of different concentration of glucose and glycerol production by C. magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes was determined in 250 ml flask containing 50 ml of medium. For C. magnoliae, concentration of glycerol yield increases when the concentration of glucose was increased from 100 g/l to 200 g/l and for C. glycerinogenes, concentration of glycerol increases when the concentration of glucose ranges between 150 g/L to 250 g/L . Further increase in the concentration of glucose causes a remarkable decrease in the yield. The optimum concentration of glucose for the growth using C. magnoliae was found to be 160 g/L and for C. glycerinogenes, glucose concentration was found to be 230 g/L. Table 1 Effect of different concentration of sulfate on glycerol productivity Glucose (g/L) Glycerol for C. magnoliae (g/L) Glycerol for C. glycerinogenes (g/L) 0 40.9 99.8 100 45.3 104.1 130 49.1 110.3 160 52.6 116.7 190 45.0 120.9 210 41.2 123.2 240 38.5 117.4 270 34.6 106.8 Fig. 1 Effect of initial concentration of glucose in the medium on the production of glycerol by C.magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes based on the amount of glucose consumed. Effect of Phosphate concentration on glycerol production It was found that phosphate is also an important factor in determining the glycerol productivity. A concentration of phosphate between 0 and 2 g/l increases the glycerol yield. Beyond 2 g/l of phosphate the yield of glycerol decreases gradually for C. magnoliae simultaneously the glycerol concentration for C. glycerinogenes decreases beyond 6 g/l of phosphate. Table 2 Effect of different concentration of phosphate on glycerol productivity Phosphate (g/L) Glycerol for C. magnoliae (g/L) Glycerol for C. glycerinogenes (g/L) 0 45.8 76.2 2 46.2 84.1 4 43.8 119.6 6 39.5 123.3 8 37.9 81.3 10 30.3 47.2 Fig. 2 Effect of initial concentration of phosphate on the production of glycerol in the medium by C.magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes based on the amount of consumed glucose. Effect of Temperature on glycerol production Using shake-flask culture, the optimum temperature was determined for glycerol production. The concentration of glycerol varies with temperature from 26 oC to 34 oC. The yield of glycerol increases till 30 oC for C.magnoliae and beyond this temperature the yield decreases. Similarly for C.glycerinogenes concentration of glycerol decreases beyond 32 oC. Table 3 Effect of temperature on glycerol productivity Temperature (oC) Glycerol for C. magnoliae (g/L) Glycerol for C. glycerinogenes (g/L) 26 68.6 79.6 28 73.2 101.1 30 77.3 114.2 32 74.1 130.4 34 70.5 125.7 Fig. 3 The temperature significantly affected the production of glycerol by à ¢-  C.magnoliae and à ¢-   C.glycerinogenes based on the amount of glucose consumed. Effect of pH on glycerol production Batch experiments were done to determine the effect of pH on glycerol production from C.magnoliae and C.glycerinogenes. At acidic pH the yield was found to be low. Between the pH 4 and 6, the production of glycerol was not significantly affected. At pH 5 there was a significant increase in the growth rate and glycerol production. Finally the optimum pH was found to be 5 for both the organisms. Table 4 Effect of pH on glycerol productivity pH Glycerol for C. magnoliae (g/L) Glycerol for C. glycerinogenes (g/L) 3.0 113.4 3.5 4.0 60.3 120.2 4.5 75.9 5.0 80.1 134.7 5.5 76.0 6.0 66.2 127.1 6.5 7.0 103.5 Fig. 4 Effect of initial pH of medium on production of glycerol by à ¢-  C. magnoliae and à ¢-   C. glycerinogenes based on the amount of glucose consumed. Discussion Glycerol yield by microbial fermentation of glucose using S. cerevisiae is less than 50%(w/w). But newly discovered C. magnoliae and osmotolerent yeast C. glycerinogenes produced glycerol in higher concentration compared with S. cerevisiae. 64.5% of glycerol obtained from C. glycerinogenes and C. magnoliae yields 55% of glycerol after recovery. Therefore C. glycerinogenes gives 9% more yield when compared to C. magnoliae. Increase in glycerol by C. glycerinogenes is due to overexpression of GPD1 gene. Also glycerol concentration increases in C. magnoliae when GPD1 gene overexpressed. But it also accumulated higher amount of byproducts such as acetate, succinate, pyruvate and acetoin. Many parameters such as temperature, pH, phosphate and glucose were found to affect the glycerol productivity by C. magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes. The optimum concentration of glucose for C. magnoliae was found to be 160 g/L and for C. glycerinogenes it was found to be 230 g/L, beyond these concentration range the yield of glycerol decreases. 2 g/L of phosphate was estimated as optimum concentration for glycerol production by C. magnoliae and similarly for C. glycerinogenes, maximum glycerol was obtained at 6 g/L of phosphate. 28 oC – 32 oC of temperature favors the good growth of cells and better glycerol production. Thus the optimum temperatures was declared to be 30 oC for C. magnoliae and 32 oC for C. glycerinogenes. Finding different species other than S. cerevisiae will give new knowledge, beyond physiological effect of glycerol production.

Object-Oriented Database Management Systems Essays -- Computers Techno

Object-Oriented Database Management Systems The construction of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems started in the middle 80's, at a prototype building level, and at the beginning of the 90's the first commercial systems appeared. The interest for the development of such systems stems from the need to cover the modeling deficiencies of their predecessors, that is the relational database management systems. They were intended to be used by applications that have to handle big and complex data such as Computer Aided Engineering, Computer Aided Design, and Office Information Systems. The area of the OODBMSs is characterized by three things. First, it lacks a common data model. There is no common data model although many proposals can be found in the literature. This is a more general problem of all the object-oriented systems not only the database management systems. Since the data model determines the database language of the system, which in turn determines the implementation of the system, we can understand that the differences between the various systems with different data models can be big and substantial. Second is the common theoretical framework. Although there is no standard object-oriented model, most object-oriented database systems that are operational or under development today share a set of fundamental object-oriented concepts. Therefore the implementation issues in OODBMSs that arise due to these concepts are universal. The third characteristic is that of experimental activity. Plenty of prototypes have been implemented and some of them became commercial products. There is really a need for applications to handle very complex data and that is why the interest of people in building such systems is... ... D.K. Practical Application of Object-Oriented Techniques to Relational Databases. Wiley/QED, 1994. Chorafas, D.N. and H. Steinmann. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1993. Delobel, C., C. Lecluse, and P. Richard. Databases: From Relational to Object-Oriented Systems. ITP, 1995. Gray, P.M.D., K.G. Kulkarni, and N.W. Paton. Object-Oriented Databases: A Semantic Data Model Approach. Prentice-Hall, 1992. Hughes, J.G. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1991. Kemper, A. and G. Moerkotte. Object-Oriented Database Management: Applications in Engineering and Computer Science. Prentice-Hall, 1994. Kim, W. Introduction to Object-Oriented Databases. MIT Press, 1990. Loomis, M.E.S. Object Databases: The Essentials. Addison-Wesley, 1995. Rao, B.R. Object-Oriented Databases: Technology, Applications, and Products. McGraw-Hill, 1994. Object-Oriented Database Management Systems Essays -- Computers Techno Object-Oriented Database Management Systems The construction of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems started in the middle 80's, at a prototype building level, and at the beginning of the 90's the first commercial systems appeared. The interest for the development of such systems stems from the need to cover the modeling deficiencies of their predecessors, that is the relational database management systems. They were intended to be used by applications that have to handle big and complex data such as Computer Aided Engineering, Computer Aided Design, and Office Information Systems. The area of the OODBMSs is characterized by three things. First, it lacks a common data model. There is no common data model although many proposals can be found in the literature. This is a more general problem of all the object-oriented systems not only the database management systems. Since the data model determines the database language of the system, which in turn determines the implementation of the system, we can understand that the differences between the various systems with different data models can be big and substantial. Second is the common theoretical framework. Although there is no standard object-oriented model, most object-oriented database systems that are operational or under development today share a set of fundamental object-oriented concepts. Therefore the implementation issues in OODBMSs that arise due to these concepts are universal. The third characteristic is that of experimental activity. Plenty of prototypes have been implemented and some of them became commercial products. There is really a need for applications to handle very complex data and that is why the interest of people in building such systems is... ... D.K. Practical Application of Object-Oriented Techniques to Relational Databases. Wiley/QED, 1994. Chorafas, D.N. and H. Steinmann. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1993. Delobel, C., C. Lecluse, and P. Richard. Databases: From Relational to Object-Oriented Systems. ITP, 1995. Gray, P.M.D., K.G. Kulkarni, and N.W. Paton. Object-Oriented Databases: A Semantic Data Model Approach. Prentice-Hall, 1992. Hughes, J.G. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1991. Kemper, A. and G. Moerkotte. Object-Oriented Database Management: Applications in Engineering and Computer Science. Prentice-Hall, 1994. Kim, W. Introduction to Object-Oriented Databases. MIT Press, 1990. Loomis, M.E.S. Object Databases: The Essentials. Addison-Wesley, 1995. Rao, B.R. Object-Oriented Databases: Technology, Applications, and Products. McGraw-Hill, 1994.

Community Analysis Essay -- Community Identity

Imagination plays a crucial role in creating communities and its identity. Fiction, in this case will cover both absolute fabrications and biases in the discourse of history's narration. History can be malleable in the hands of narrators, which they use to unite their audience into a common interpretation of their history. Alicia Barber, The author of the essay, Local Places, National Spaces: Public Memory, Community Identity and Landscape at Scotts Bluff National Monument, talks about two community's disagreement on a tourist spot's proper use and maintenance. Barber analyzes the community's relations to the landmark and how it affects the discourse of history's narration, the malleability of public memory, and how it all connects with community identity. Michael Ignatieff wrote about a civil struggle between two groups who identify themselves very differently from each other. In his analysis, he mixed his personal account of the situation, explaining the role of narcissism in the discourse of history's narration. His essay, The Warrior's Honor: Ethic War and the Modern Conscience, describes a more radical conflict from fabricated major differences. These two authors describe two very different approach to their conflicts, but their discourse to the narration of their history are similar. Their fabrications and biased narrations stem from their egocentric imaginations that support their identity. Imagination's role in a community's identity enables its members to associate their history with their identity. Patriotism, backed up by history, strengtheners a community's bond together as a group. Barber explains in the statement below how a community's involvement in history plays a role in their narration of their history. â€Å"Wh... ...s about their 'imagined community' and 'imagined image' make up their identity. These differences would not exist without their narcissistic imaginations that inevitably form fictions from history. But, because of their refusal to recognize the other group's relational differences, major differences rise from their actions. Nationalism's depends on these imaginations; it uses the group's self-love to stake their claim in history, narrate it in their narcissistic discourse, and blind members from relational differences that would weaken their identity as a group. Works Cited Barber, Alicia. â€Å"Local Places, National Spaces: Public Memory, Community Identity, and Landscape at Scotts Bluff National Monument.† American Studies 45 (2004): 35-64. Ignatieff, Michael. The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997.

North and South :: essays papers

North and South The first two reading selections for Economics 344 make some notable observations about the growth and development of budding economies. In Engerman and Sokoloff’s chapter entitled â€Å"Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth Among New World Economies,† the authors compare the economic growth levels of the North American colonies to those of Latin American colonies. Then, in â€Å"Tracking the Economic Divergence of the North and the South,† Peter Coclanis notes the different economic paths taken by these two distinct regions of the United States. Overall, these two essays are similar in nature – they make similar comparisons across two regions using similar criteria. The readings, however, differ drastically in their subject matter and in the scope of the comparisons. In the first reading, Stanley Engerman and Kenneth Sokoloff attempt to explain what factors contributed to the different levels of economic development between the North American colonies and the Latin American colonies. They hypothesize that the United States and Canada were able to sustain economic growth due to factor endowments that were superior to those of Central and South America. Endowments such as climate, soil, and density of the native population, they say, predisposed certain colonies to accomplishing economic growth. Institutions and government policies such as land policies and trade regulations were also significant determining factors, but less so than factor endowments. After comparing the prosperous colonies to the less prosperous, the authors then briefly state differences within the United States colonies as far as economic growth is concerned. Numerous differences in the economic patterns of the North and the South are pointed out – indeed, in many ways the South resembled those colonies that became less successful. Despite these distinctions, in the end, the authors conclude that overall, â€Å"the South’s economy was a unique case and ultimately realized a record of growth more like those of the northern United States or Canada.† The second piece compares the patterns of economic growth experienced by the North and the South. Coclanis points out numerous variations in the economies of the two regions from the seventeenth century and forward two hundred years. The factor endowments are noted here as well, while political factors play less of a role. Overall, the author concludes that the economic divergence of the North and South was quite large, and the differences most definitely outweigh the similarities. The two readings share both remarkable similarities as well as sharp differences.

Education Essay

In United Kingdom and Europe, the adults and volunteers working around the school, paid or not, have various names: learning support assistant, classroom assistant, special needs assistant, but the most common term is the one of teaching assistant. The teaching assistants are very important in primary schools, so much that at the moment it is nearly impossible to imagine things running as efficiently as they do, without the help of the teaching assistants. In the present there is a big deficit in the number of teachers available in primary schools, especially in the number of men working close to children of a young age. Skilled teaching assistants bring a very valuable contribution to pupils achievements within the learning environment, but their main purpose states from their name, as the term of ‘teaching assistant’ indicates their role of supporting the teacher and working under his guidance. This is done by supporting pupils during the teaching of the curriculum . Teacher assistants support the pupils by understanding their learning support needs. In order to do that, the teaching assistant needs to listen to the children, respect and value them. They will gain the sense of independence, with the help of the school staff, especially those working close to them, such as teacher or teaching assistant. The teaching assistant has to enable the pupils access to the curriculum at all times and to encourage them by using plenty of praise and rewards. Also, every pupil must participate fully in every lesson, and the teaching assistant must ensure that, by reminding pupils of teaching points made by the teacher, and also by organising them in appropriate play activities or games. Younger pupils should be encouraged to take turns and speak and to follow simple written instructions. The teaching assistant has to encourage the children to use the school library at all the time and also to use spelling aids, when necessary. All of these will encourage the pupils to gain the sense of independence and to develop their independent learning. The teaching assistant needs to ensure that the children knows, understands and applies class and school rules. The younger pupils should be able to make choices on their own about the books and to be able to select resources independently. Older pupils should be encouraged to develop their skills and to work independently when the case, to manage own reading book and help keeping reading record up to date. The teaching assistant must help the pupils work cooperatively and encourage them to use the library independently. Children should learn to use information from various sources and include references and to complete all tasks set in a given time. The teaching assistant must make sure that all the pupils have access to information from artefacts, charts, diagrams, and that they are able to organise and keep tidy their own work. The teaching assistant must provide support for the teacher, as stated from the term itself. The teacher takes full responsibility for the interactions that take place between pupils and the helping staff. The teaching assistant needs to provide general classroom help, including preparations of rooms, materials and equipment. The pupils need to be supervised by the teaching assistant and by the teacher, working together, as a team. Also, the teaching assistant needs to assist in monitoring the pupils progress as required by the school and in the production of teaching aids and preparation of work for pupils.

A Reaction to the Article, “The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind” by Gustave Le Bon

I resolutely concur with Gustave Le Bon’s LAW OF THE MENTAL UNITY OF CROWDS, which is indeed a socio-psychological phenomenon manifested throughout history and continues to manifest in our day-to-day lives. We are social beings. That makes this law almost absolute that to exclude oneself from it would mean excluding oneself from the rest of society and humanity, or one’s community to be more specific.Le Bon’s multifaceted analysis on the psychological crowd gave me the feeling of referring to it as a community. As he spoke of â€Å"collectiveness†, I remembered â€Å"sharing.† His discussion on the â€Å"individual comprising the crowd† reminded me of â€Å"group membership.† When he spoke of â€Å"contagion† I thought of â€Å"shared expectations and common goals.†His â€Å"influence and suggestion,† are â€Å"motives and issues† to me in relation to community. Most importantly, his statement of individuals being equals regardless of intellect and social status is â€Å"democracy.†   These heightened my belief of the law as I became more comfortable in relating his claims to everyday life.What is more convincing with the article is that it was written in a realistic and practical approach. Le Bon didn’t dwell idealistically in his concept of the psychological crowd, like me in my understanding of a community.Diversity, conflict, and factions in thinking are certainly inevitable and are always threats to harmony and homogeny. More so, the bottom line of every crowd or community’s dynamics is the motives, commitment, and gains of its members.Like Gustave’s discussion on the psychological crowd’s dynamics of having the individuals conscious and independent ways of thinking dissolved in a crowd, my understanding of a community is that it is composed of people who transmit knowledge through sharing rather than individually inheriting traits and characte ristics from their parents.Undeniably, this law had been formulated through in-depth observation of the dynamics of historical events and processes. It shall never cease to support the existence of social, cultural, political, and economic entities, that is all the advances as well as the setbacks human development has brought to us.ALL religions, ALL laws, ALL business establishments and policies, ALL family systems, ALL academic institutions, ALL forms technology, ALL sciences, ALL wars and conflicts, etc. are all products of MENTAL UNITY OF CROWDS. As long as people converge to work on something, as long as they exist and need each other, this law shall be valid.If Sociology is the study of human social behavior, origins, institutions, organization, and the development of human society, then Le Bon’s Law would be the very much essential to justifying the existence of the science (Sociology).It effectively presents a powerful phenomenon that explains the process of the simp le individual being the foundation of a more complex crowd, which tells us so much about social relationships and behaviors, and organizational processes. Thus, it is able to profoundly provide us a base of what we are actually studying every day in this course.

English Essay †Speeches Essay

Question: there are as many different ways of interpreting and valuing texts, as there are readers. Of the countless speeches recorded throughout time a select few have transcended their original contexts and political battles to retain relevance today. We have viewed their progress over time as their outspoken ideas and reception withstanding relevance within our changing society regardless of altering values. Aung San Suu Kyi, Emma Goldman and Dr. Martin Luther King’s empowering speeches have spanned across decades, united in their aim to draw attention to a lack of freedom, justice and democratic rights and are unique in urging others to support their fight for disadvantaged social groups. In Aung San Suu Kyi’s â€Å"Keynote address at the Beijing World Conference on Women† in China 1995, she speaks with deep conviction regarding the lack of freedom that women suffer. So too does Emma Goldman when in 1917 she delivered â€Å"The political criminal of today must needs be the saint of the new age† to a jury consisting entirely of men. The discrimination that these two women discuss exemplifies women across the world, continuously being persecuted for their gender. Suu Kyi did not make use of rhetoric in her speech but instead chose to develop a sense of intimacy and appealed to her audience’s intellect through a close up video recording. Her tone and stoical approach invites her listeners to adopt new perspectives and to include women in the political process as â€Å"no war was ever started by women†. Her campaign continues with an age-old proverb of her culture that â€Å"the dawn rises only when the rooster crows† metaphorically depicting how women are subserviently treated today by the â€Å"rooster†. The proverb needs to change as it is because the dawn appears that the rooster crows. Goldman too addresses the issue of discrimination by analysing the way women are treated by power wielding men, more specifically in the legal and political system. During her defence against claims of conspiracy she defends her anarchist position and utilises sarcasm and truncated sentences to ridicule the jury when she repeatedly declares that she is facing â€Å"Gentlemen of the jury† and  only gentlemen. The anaphora illustrates her contempt that there are no females present in the jury, that these men are supposed to be honest gentlemen, an oxymoron in her eyes, and so should treat her the same way they would treat others in the same position. A personal interpretation examines men’s hold on power in society but times have changed and society must reject traditions that no longer reflect the truth. Suu Kyi’s speech comes at a time when China is stepping out of the shadows and recognising women as their own entities when it once saw them as 2nd class. Its reception today would not have altered since she spoke but there are more people supporting her cause and helping to fight for the freedom of women. There is global understanding that throughout history we are met with the same boundaries and are eternally urged to fight for equality and justice. These boundaries were met when Dr Martin Luther King challenged the widespread attitudes of society by calling on his fellow American’s by offering â€Å"a new leaf† and justice to all, no matter what race or colour. Culture in the southern states was heavily segregated in 1963 and racial division was enshrined in southern custom and law. King delivered his speech when it was needed most, however Emma Goldman delivered â€Å"The political criminal of today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ahead of her time as the mere idea of freedom of speech was considered scandalous. With two separate causes represented by great speakers; Negro’s and free speech, both composers attempted to win their audiences support for their cause. King delivered â€Å"I have a dream† to a crowd of 250,000 followers and millions watching on television and used rhetoric gained from his preaching days coupled with the use of many anaphora’s to effectively to inflict fear upon his audience. His appeal to their emotions instilled that â€Å"it would be fatal†¦to overlook†¦the movement† and unless something is done about racial injustice, life is worthless. Emma Goldman’s clever use of rhetoric defies tradition and unlike King’s use of emotion she alienated her audience by stirring negative opinions and called upon her intellect to win her battle. In 1917 when Goldman plead to the jury she sought justice in her defence against claims of conspiracy. Urging the court to form an unbiased opinion and recognise her fight for freedom of speech she alludes to her fellow so called anarchists â€Å"Jesus, Socrates, Galileo, Bruno, John Brown† to prove she is not wrong and that nothing willà ‚  make her change her position. King was greeted with an euphoric and peaceful reception as he was seen as a freedom fighter and today in our contemporary world the significance of his speech remains evident. By appealing to both audiences’ intellect regarding injustice, King and Goldman aimed to persuade their respective audiences of the right path to choose. When King bellows out that â€Å"the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination†, his metaphoric emotive language heightens his passion for freedom for his people from more than slavery. Similarly to King, Goldman fights for justice and through a series of rhetorical questions she asks the jury a final time to â€Å"please forget that I am an Anarchist†¦Have we been engaged in a conspiracy? Have these overt acts been proven?† She asks for a fair trial and to not be disadvantaged because of society’s values – she only wishes for justice to prevail. Sadly the jury found her guilty but her works reception reaches a higher extent today as we can appreciate her effort in changing society’s perception of free speech. While injustice was inflicted upon three social groups, Aung San Suu Kyi, Emma Goldman and Dr. Martin Luther King stood up and were three speakers who managed to defy old-fashioned social and political beliefs of their time to be recognised in our contemporary society. When delivering their speeches they gained the attention and support of a crowd through their stage presence, use of rhetoric and particularly political contextual values that aim to achieve this. In order to be recognised they needed to give their audience a purpose and through earnest ideas of freedom, justice and democratic rights their reception has not altered from when they were delivered to now as we are continually fighting for such causes.

Sec.22

SEC. 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development. Rights of Indigeneous cultural communities. As used in the Constitution, the term â€Å"indigenous cultural communities† refers to non-dominant groups in our country which possess and wish to preserve ethnic, religious or linguistic traditions or characteristic markedly different from the rest of the population. Section 22 recognizes constitutionally the existence and rights of the indigenous cultural communities.It directs the State to promote their rights within the framework of national unity. Thus, the State is bound to consider the customs, traditions, beliefs and interests of indigenous cultural minorities in the formulation and implementation of State policies and programs. In a multi-ethnic society like ours, the above provision is necessary in promoting the goal of national unity and development. (see Art XVI, Sec. 12) Under provision, the government may even enact the laws especially for them taking into account their customs, traditions, beliefs and interests. H. de Leon, Phil. Constitution 2005, pp. 67-68) SEC. 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation. Non-governmental, community-based or sectoral organizations The State is required to encourage these organizations because recent events have shown that, under responsible leadership, they can be active contributors to the political, social and economic growth of the country.It should refrain from any actuation that would tend to interfere or subvert the rights of these organizations which in the words of the Constitution are community-based or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation. (Ibid, p. 68) This topic is discussed at the length under Article XIII (Social Justice and Human Rights), Sections 15 and 16 which categorically state the role an d rights of people’s organizations as vehicle to enable the people to participate and intervene meaningfully and effectively in decisions which directly affect their lives. (Ibid. p. 68) SEC. 24.The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building. Vital role of communication and information in nation-building. Communication and information, as used above, include not only print or broadcast media (radio and television) but also motion pictures, advertising, cable, telephone and telegraph. Those means of communication designed to gather and convey news or in the formation to the public are called mass media because they reach the mass of the people. (see Art. XVI, Sec. 11[1]. That they play a critical role in nation-building is very obvious. 1) Formation of an enlightened citizenry. – Mass media shape people’s thoughts and beliefs, their attitudes and values. In a country like the Philippines composed of people with diverse cul tures, they can be an effective instrument in promoting national integration and preserving Filipino values and traditions. By educating the citizenry on important public issues, they also help create a strong, vigilant and enlightened public opinion so essential to the successful operation of a republican democracy. (2) Promotion of effiency and economy in government and business. Information and communication can be used to link our geographically dispersed population an effect faster delivery of educational, medical and other public services in remote areas of the country. In any organization, ready information maximizes internal efficiency. Particularly in business, it reduces cost of production and services. (3) Development of society. – On the material side, it is difficult to imagine a progressive country, in today’s world of high-tech computers, internets, cyberspace and information highways, with antiquated ommunication and information structures. In the last few years, the world has witnessed a steady stream of a technological progress in the field. The Philippines must keep abreast of communication innovations but at the same time be selective and discriminating to insure that only those â€Å"suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation† (Ibid. : Sec. 10) are adapted. Utilized and managed wisely and efficiently, communication and information are very useful tools for the economic, social, cultural and political development of society. (H. de Leon, Phil. Constitution, p. 9) Sec. 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments. Autonomy of local governments R. A. 7160, known as the Local Government Code, enacted on January 1, 1992 covers all matters concerning local governments and political subdivisions. Sec. 26. The state shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. Equal access opportunities for public service This topic discuss ed under Article VI Legislative Department, Sections 4, 5, and 7 and Article X (Local Government), Section 8.Additionally: (1) Limitation of terms of office. – The provisions limiting the terms of office of elective officials (President, Vice President, Senators, Representative and local officials) enhance equal access to political opportunities although they may not completely do way with evils spawned political dynasties that proliferated in the country in the past. With his political and economic resources, an elective official can have a close kin or follower run for the latter.Hence, the need for a declaration expressly prohibiting a political dynasties. (2) Prohibition of political dynasties. – The constitutional policy on the prohibition of political dynasties expresses a national commitment to democratize election and appointment to positions in the government and eliminate a principal obstacle to â€Å"equal opportunities for public service†. It is not uncommon to have the most of the top elective positions in a province (or city) down to barangays occupied by one family and close relatives of the family members.Politicians form husband-wife teams, or father-mother, son-daughter teams and hold to elective positions for decades. The dominance of political families in the past not only kept more deserving but poor individuals from running or winning in elections; it also enabled powerful and affluent politicians to corner appointive positions for their relatives and followers as it they alone are gifted with the ability to serve the country. (3) Prohibition constitutionally mandated. The law implementing the constitutional policy shall define what constitutes political dynasties, having in mind of evils sought to be eradicated and the need to insure the widest possible base for the selection of elective government officials regardless of political, economic and social status. Note that the State is expressly mandated to prohibit â⠂¬Å"political dynasties†. Congress has no discretion on the matter except merely to spell out the meaning and scope of the term. (deLeon,2005,p. 0). Sec. 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption. Honesty and Integrity in public service (1) The perennial problem of graft and corruption. – In the Philippines, every new administration since the postwar period has made a pledge to eradicate graft and corruption in government. The popular perception, however, is that this baneful ill has become more rampant and sophisticated through years.To be sure, the above provision was incorporated in the Constitution because of revelations of â€Å"unprecendented magnitude† of graft and corruption allegedly perpetrated by officials in the highest circle of the government during the previous regime. (2) Ways to attack problem. – The malady of graft and corruption must be e liminated or at least minimize to a tolerable degree because of the staggering amount of public money that has been lost through it.What is needed is moral leadership by example on the part of the top officials in the government and a continuing, the public service which have considerably slowed down the socio-economic progress of our country. Having the honest Presidents with the best intentions is not enough to reduce corruption to minimal proportions. This perennial problem cannot be solve by mere empty promises and congressional inquiries, but by prosecuting without the fear or favor and putting behind bars so-called â€Å"big-fishes† found to be involve as concrete examples of the government’s determination to achieve decency in the public service.Any campaign against the scourge of society will be made more effective if accompanied by a morality crusade. (3) Need for honesty and integrity in public service. – The fulfillment of the constitutional mandate w ill go a long way in strengthening the peoples trust in the government and its leaders. It will also ensure the efficient use of the meager resources available for national development. (deLeon,2005,pp. 71-72) Sec. 28.Subject to a reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the state adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest. Full Disclosure by the State of all it’s transactions. 1. Duty of the State – Sec. 7 of the bill of rights guarantees the people’s right of information on matters of public concern and access to records pertaining to official transactions of the government. In the other hand, Sec. 28 requires the State to make public it’s transactions without demand from individual citizens.It stresses the duty of the State to release the information. 2. Transaction covered – The policy covers all State transactions involving public interests, i. e. , transactions which the people h ave a right to know particularly those involving expenditures of public funds. The law, however, may prescribed reasonable conditions for the disclosure to guard against improper or unjustified exercise of the right. The policy will not apply to records involving the security of the State or which are confidential in character. (H. de Leon, Phil. Constitution, pp. 64-72)

Describe and Compare the Role of Local and State Government in Urban Essay

Describe and Compare the Role of Local and State Government in Urban and Regional Planning in Western Australia - Essay Example These two factors are considered to be a fundamental basis of planning (Blackhall, 2005). It is in this regard that the local as well as the state government of any particular nation plays a considerable role in making effective plans. In relation to planning system, the primary purposes of the government, in both local as well as state levels, are to generate sustainable communities, encourage sustainable development and enhance the performance of the local authorities in determining any sort of planning applications (Poister, 2005). In this discussion, an overview of the planning system which prevails in Western Australia will be taken into concern. Moreover, a detailed description about how the planning system operates at the local and state level in Western Australia will be discussed henceforth. Various aspects which include the planning legislations, plans and the administrative frameworks prevailing in Western Australia in relation to planning system will also be considered. B esides, an evaluation about the purpose of planning in Western Australia will be portrayed in the below discussion. Operations of the Planning System in Western Australia The planning system currently prevailing in Western Australia has served the state successfully for more than 50 years. The planning system existing in the region of Western Australia is primarily based upon an exceptional combination of steady institutional based arrangements, which enjoys bipartisan support by a certain extent. The system is structurally governed by simple as well as strong legislation along with a centralized legitimate authority titled as The Department of Planning (DoP). DoP was formed in the year 2009 in Western Australia which plays an imperative role in enhancing the living standard of the inhabitants belonging to the state. It broadly aims to support as well as to organize the planning and advancement of regional land-use within Western Australia (Government of Western Australia, 2011). It has been apparent from the fact that most of the people as well as the different government agencies pay utmost attention towards the planning system for the purpose of growing their respective townships in a sustainable manner (Oladipo, 2008). It is worth mentioning in this regard that the chief components of the planning system in Western Australia are based on the ideas of strategic planning and statutory planning. The aspect of strategic planning emphasizes upon long-term regional planning throughout the region of Western Australia. It incorporates a broad assortment of various social, financial, infrastructural and environmental issues by a considerable extent. In the similar context, the idea of statutory planning stresses upon the fact of effectively managing the procedure of land-use, urban development and land supply across the region of Western Australia (State of Western Australia, 2007). The different priority areas that the planning system in Western Australia focuses upon include empowering the institutional arrangements as well as the governance, developing an inclusive regional framework and simplifying various planning approvals. The other concerning areas include paying greater attention to the major planning projects as well as effectual planning instruments and establishing an incorporated infrastructure for developing the

Morning warm-up, QA and QC procedures for Varian Linear Accelerator Research Paper

Morning warm-up, QA and QC procedures for Varian Linear Accelerator System - Research Paper Example In this paper Morning warm-up, QA and QC procedures to be broadly considered within any organization/hospital in relation to the Linear Accelerator System are discussed. It is stated â€Å"Daily, monthly, and annual quality control (QC) of linear accelerators are part of the major tasks of the medical physicist to verify that patients are receiving proper radiation treatment."1  The control tests consist of the measurement of beam output, verification of the beam energy, and determination of the beam flatness and symmetry in a linear accelerator parlance. However, QA and QC procedures cover wide areas aiming all- round quality in the system Introduction In a computer assisted Varian radiation therapy machine, â€Å"a computer controls the operations of the machine to automatically set the position of the gantry relative to the couch for treatment of a patient. The automated motions of the gantry and the couch are simultaneous for decreasing the setup time. In addition, the comput er includes a collision avoidance program which averts collision between the couch or patient, and the gantry†. 2 A linear accelerator (LINAC) device is used for external beam radiation treatments for cancer and other radiation therapies such as Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT).... It is stated â€Å"To overcome the problem of differential heating, it is important to slowly increase the heating of a cold tube insert. The warm-up process must be carried out first thing each morning and repeated during the day if the workload is insufficient to keep the tube warm. The manufacturer’s guidance should be followed, but in general the warm-up period will be between 10 and 20 min. "3(p146)   However, in a Varian machine, automatic warm-up program is in-built and gets activated when the temperature falls below the operating temperature. However, standard QA and QC procedures with regard to morning warm up in general is essential for quality in operations and service. Warm-up tests are carried out by the morning warm-up therapist by following standard procedures as laid down with reference to several factors and the tolerance levels. Quality Control and Quality Assurance Quality Control or Quality Assurance is a comprehensive and ongoing exercise. According to ISO definition, â€Å"Quality control  is a set of activities intended to ensure that  quality requirements are actually being met.† and â€Å"Quality assurance  is a set of activities intended to establish confidence that quality requirements will be met† .4 Both Quality Control and Quality Assurance are the parts of Quality Management which includes direction, control and coordination in relation to quality. The efficacy of the system could be ensured through proper maintenance of records, review of the activities with reference to the objectives, periodical preventive maintenance programs and continuous monitoring of the safety measures. QC/QA Procedures for Varian linear accelerator system Varian states5 that

Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnicity - Essay Example These problems when studied under scientific observation can help in countering the problem. The ethnic groups are so diverse and widely distributed; this diversity leads to various ethnic conflicts and problems. Today, Ethnic conflict is recognized as one of the major social conflicts internationally. In order to address the problem properly and dig out its solution there is a need of clear understanding of theories and concepts that can solve the conflict. This paper observes the contemporary conceptual and theoretical debates that are related to the ethnic clash. It shows some advantages and disadvantages of the disputes that have prevailed in the recent times in the ethnic conflict analysis. Social sciences scholars view the concept in different ways; some of them consider it an entity that is objective and has its own characteristic boundaries, while other social science scholars view it from subjective aspect vulnerable to change. (Hussein) Viewed from the objective perspective, ethnic group is a category of the population of humans that shares some attributes as common. These attributes can be in common in the form of language, culture, origin etc. this common entity also proves as distinguished characteristic based on one common entity. Subjective perspective sees these groups as a flexible and changing phenomenon which can be doomed to the alteration through the interaction of an ethnic group. The prevailing circumstances determine the information and symbol of an ethnic group which is socially constructed as fluid identity. Another issue that makes the understanding of the concept difficult is the issue of having different derivatives for the same meaning. The world race, ethnicity and culture and their various derivatives are very familiar. People tend to confuse these terms with each other. In the absence of appropriate analytical vocabulary it is not able to

Marketing Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Case Study Analysis - Essay Example In this regard, a deeper understanding of what the relevance is of â€Å"marketing myopia† is can be gauged. In the analysis of this case study, Levitt (1975) suggested that the reason behind the downfall of the so-called â€Å"growing industry† is generally because of their myopic thinking culture. With this short – sighted vision of what the future of business may possibly offer, firms do collapse. It is indeed necessary to think outside the box and have a bigger picture of what is likely to happen in the industry. Also, he proposed that in order for business to thrive continuously, businesses must be customer – oriented instead of being too much occupied in developing, improving and producing goods and services. Likewise, he also suggested that marketing is needed and not just basically selling since marketing includes communicating the values that the products and services can possibly offer. This recommends that in order to avoid business failure in t he future, a proper implementation and execution of the strategies should come next to ensure the sustained business after such careful and balanced analysis and planning of the business context today and in the future. Introduction Starting a business involves risks since its success is never a guarantee. In reality, there are only slim chances of success in every business because only a few out of the total numbers of founded businesses do succeed. The U.S. Small Business Administration suggested that an estimation of over a half of the small businesses do fail within the first 5 years of their operation (Vetbiz Resource Center, 2009). There are many available print and online materials which try to explain why businesses fail. In the book entitled â€Å"Small Business Management,† Michael Ames (1983) suggested that the collapse of small businesses can be accounted by the following reasons: the entrepreneur’s lack of experience in handling business, poor inventory ma nagement, weak credit arrangement, excessive investment in fixed assets, insufficient capital to sustain the business needs, personal use of business funds, surprising growth in business as well as the poor and inconvenient location of business. On the one hand, there are two more reasons accounting to the collapse of business. According to Gustav Berle (1989) in the â€Å"Do It Yourself Business Book†, the increased competition in the market and the low sales are also reasons behind business failure. However, it is the case that businesses may have achieved a certain growth at one point in time which is followed by its collapse after. This failure of businesses, according to Theodore Levitt (1975), is not caused by the saturation in the market but mainly due to the short – sighted thinking culture of firms through having the illusion that such industries are growing. For Levitt (1975), the belief in the so – called â€Å"growth industry† should be reject ed since for him, such conviction is followed by complacency. With the belief in the â€Å"growth industry†, the businesses focus more on developing products and producing goods which they sell to the consumers. Nonetheless, these firms lose sight of what the real needs and wants are which can truly satisfy the customers. Given this, the focus of this paper mainly delves at critically analyzing the case of â€Å"

Business decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business decision making - Essay Example Within the five year period, the number of elite clients has risen from 453 in 2006 to 1124 in 2010. However, there was a sharp in the number of this category of clients in 2007, with the bank recording only 411 Elite clients (Institute of Business and Management, 2012). Additionally, the report shows that the number of Preferred clients has grown by approximately 30 per cent, rising from 3148 in 2006 to 3809 in 2010 (Institute of Business and Management, 2012). This rise has been steady except for the year 2008, which experienced a sharp fall in this category of clients (3148), as compared to the previous year’s 3551. The same trend has occurred in the amount of deposit, where the maximum deposit for the regular clients was 690,354,000 in 2010 (Institute of Business and Management, 2012). The success of the bank has not been on a regular trend though. There has been a mix between the years of success and the drops in terms of deposits. Rating success and failures in terms of income, the final year 2010 indicated success for all the three classes of clients except for a drop in 2007. The remaining years have shown an indicator to financial growth in income, considering that it has been a continuous trend of progressive increase from 2008 to 2010. Comparing each class for every year, regular clients outnumber the rest of the classes, followed by the preferred class and finally the elite class. Perhaps owing to that, the amount of deposit for the regular clients has been the greatest followed by the preferred class and eventually the elites. 1.2. Data Analysis and Summary The table below shows the analysis of the data for all the clients of the bank DM. It shows the average and the mean for all the five years. However, the function for computing modes did not function because none of the values appeared more than once. Table 1: Data Analysis table for the bank DM for performance from 2006 to 2010 (i). From the analysis, it appears that the regular clients are more on average than all other clients, followed by the preferred clients then the elite clients. The deposit balance for the regular clients is also higher than for the categories of clients, followed by the preferred clients then the elite clients in the third rank. The same result is observed for the service income, where the regular clients lead followed by the preferred and finally the elite clients. From this analysis, the most advisable decision Bank DM executive committee can make is to develop marketing strategies for the other two client categories. The strategies can begin from analyzing customer needs concerning the preferred and the client elite accounts. After the analysis, there are two optional actions that the bank can consider. First, there should be a more structured sales promotions program for increasing the performance level of the less performing accounts. The customer satisfaction level can enable the executive committee to improve the qualities of the ac counts. If the sales promotions do not yield the expected outcomes, the next option is to eliminate the accounts from bank and develop a better account product for the preferred and the elite customers. (ii). The second analysis uses measures of dispersion such as variance and standard deviation of the distributions of the numbers for the three banks for all the five years. The measures of dispersion appear in the table below Account Type Number of Accounts Deposit

Risk Analysis Within Political Science Research Paper

Risk Analysis Within Political Science - Research Paper Example Political risks thus do impacts heavily in the way a country deals with the capacity to create employment opportunities to its citizen as well as the ability to ensure sustainable business relation with the neighboring countries and the need to ensure that the balance of trade and the balance of payments are favorable (Kobrin,pg. 111). This is to avoid the currency being inferior to other countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is quite common in the worlds emerging markets, the emerging markets are envisioned to have a robust market for the numerous production that is exuded by the foreign investors. This productions has to be consumed in the regions with overwhelming markets and this is why the investors do research t identify these markets and make decision to trap the market available (Waterstone,pg. 123). In some unfortunate circumstances, the political situation in these regions becomes volatile making the investors to renege on their decision to engage the region in productive business; this is so because they fear loosing their investment due to outbreaks of war and other upheaval activities that do not support smooth operation of business. The analysis of the political risks enables the investors to project on the possibilities of the threat occurring and the likely damage that is associated with them, in this sense the mitigative measures can be coined to help cushion the associated businesses from the devastating and sporadic confusions that come with the political decisions. ... es, the political situation in these regions becomes volatile making the investors to renege on their decision to engage the region in productive business; this is so because they fear loosing their investment due to outbreaks of war and other upheaval activities that do not support smooth operation of business. The analysis of the political risks enables the investors to project on the possibilities of the threat occurring and the likely damage that is associated with them, in this sense the mitigative measures can be coined to help cushion the associated businesses from the devastating and sporadic confusions that come with the political decisions. These risks can also be brought about by the social problems such as over population, unemployment especially for the youths which always results into juvenile delinquency and increased crimes rate. These factors are recipe for making environment unfit for business and they require political solutions to quell. In political science, the analyst always endeavors to give hypothesis of the situation as they possibly would be and on the other side do give the repercussions tied to them occurring as stated. They also propose on how to mitigate on the effects of the occurrences. The risks in this case would involve several factors including; the change of the government, when the government of a country changes, there are chances that most policies governing the country will also change depending on the policies contained in their manifesto. The policies that might change include the taxation policies with regard to domestic and foreign products. The changes in the taxation policy can turn to be punitive and extorting and this can lead to realization of losses by the companies, organization and other business partners that