Psychodynamic Personality Theories Essay Example for Free

Psychodynamic Personality Theories EssayContemporary high society is intrigued with the notion of human behavior as it expresses itself in our personality. Psychoanalytic model is most noted for introverted strategies such as depth interviewing and projective techniques, which have emanated from its supposed perspective. Classical psychoanalytic conceptualization approached the study of lawsuit or personality in two very dissimilar ways, each deriving from an early theoretical model of individual development. In the era of Freuds original drive theory, an attempt was made to look personality on the basis of fixation. Later with the development of ego psychology, character was conceived as expressing the operation of special(prenominal) styles of defense. This second way of understanding character was not in conflict with the first it provided a different set of ideas and metaphors for comprehending what was meant by a type of personality (Magnavita, 2002). The contemporary psychodynamic model of personality is very popular, especially with clinical practitioners, and offers much that is useful for conceptualizing personality and personal disorders.The strength of this model seems to lie in the business office of many of its fundamental constructs, such as the unconscious, defense systems, and the relation among component personality structures. It is hard to conceive of a psychology of personality without some reference to these and other constructs. The limitations of this model are many. Unfortunately, after historic period of perpetuating itself in a closed system, a crisis developed about the viability of this model.Another draw back is the determination to eschew empirical research, which would have established wider scientific acceptance. For many, the conceptualizations and esoteric language make it difficult to dump oneself in what seems a dogmatic intellectualized system for those who hide behind language. In conclusion knowing where to slightly place an individual on the structural continuum is as much a clinical art as a science. Reference Magnavita, J. J. (2002). Theories of personality contemporary approaches to the science of personality. New York John Wiley and Sons.

E Commerce Homework Essay Example for Free

E Commerce Homework Essay1Would you say that Google and Yahoo are contribute or collateral competitors? What about McDonalds and Macaroni Grill? Explain why?Indeed Google and yahoo are both direct competitors because the both provide the same operate such as email , expect ,chatting groups , blogs ,for McDonalds and Macaroni they are indirect since both provide food but of different types which make them compete for different products .2. apt(p) the example of Atari and Nintendo games, which one was the first mover into the trade and which was the fast follower? What advantages and disadvantages does each one make water over the other? First mover AtariFast follower NintendoAdvantages and disadvantages over each other1- Atari had the breaking wind for a long period of time and was dominate in the marketplace 2-Nintendo learned from the failure of Atari and was competent to take over the market only by doing stuff the Atari company missed out. 3. blab hamleys.com and des cribe its business model based on t he information you find there. recognise its customer value proposition, its revenue model, the marketspace it operates in, who its main competitors are, any comparative advantages you believe the company possesses and what its market scheme appears to be. Also try to locate information about the companys management group and organizational structure. (Check for a page labeled the Company, About Us, or something similar).Value proposition facilitation of transaction ,law search cost ,low item discovery cost Revenue model Sales revenue modelThe market space it operates in toy sellingMain competitors are Toys-R-Us ,FAO schwarzComparative advantages provide party organizing services and gift warping services Market strategy create a brand name, use the heartfelt reputation and long history as a proof of good service, and provide good and large-hearted offers . Companys management team and organizational structureBuying and Planning, Retail Operat ions, Marketing, Human Resources (HR), IT, Finance, E-commerce visual Merchandising and Design, Franchise .

Traffic Accident Essay Example for Free

Traffic Accident EssayIt is believed that the number of the people who have died in trafficaccidents is often uplifteder than that of the people who have died of cancer or any other disease. In Ho ki Minh City, the problem of traffic accidents is really serious. The following measures should be taken to reduce the seriousness/to minimize the consequences of this problem.Firstly, the clay of the main streets in Ho Chi Minh City must be improved or upgraded. It is nasty to move along the streets of Ho chi Minh City because most of them are in bad check over and some are full of holes, either big or small. In addition, during the rainy season legion(predicate) streets are flooded with water after a heavy rain. If we are not careful enough, we good hit other people or fall off our bike or motorbike.Secondly, constabulary-breaking and drunk riders/drivers should be punished strictly. These law-breaking and drunken riders/drivers are the devils of the streets they operate th eir motor vehicles at a high speed and s appearance from one side/curb of the street to the other whenever they feel excited. There is no doubt that one of the main reasons of serious traffic accidents is the riders or drivers carelessness and lack of self-control.Last entirely not least, calling for every citizens obeying traffic laws is crucial. The cit dwellers awareness of the necessity to obey traffic law is quite low consequently, they travel along the streets without paying close attention to traffic lights and other signals. quite a often, motor-cyclists occupy the lanes for cars and other four-wheel motor vehicles while taxi drivers speed up, forcing the riders/drivers of other vehicles to give way to them. It takes a lot of time and energy to draw the attention of anyone who does travel along the streets in Ho Chi Minh City to the well-established traffic laws here in particular and to make each of the city dwellers a law-abiding citizen in general. But it is worth it

Nrega Scheme a Success Essay Example for Free

Nrega Scheme a achiever EssayIs NREGA(National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) a success or a failure? The NREGA is an Indian Job Guarantee scheme, enacted by the legislation on Aug 25,2005. The scheme provides a legal guarantee for genius hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any coarse household at a wage of Rs 120 per day. So almost after five long time of its commencement can NREGA be considered a success ? This essay w severely consider a numeral of explanations for concluding the impact of NREGA. My argument would be that definitely NREGA has been a success. First of all we need to retrieve that NREGA is a programme without precedent. No different employment programme has even come close to cosmos implemented on such a large scale. So the output cant be compared to that of any other programmes.Taking into account the success story of the Pandurni village in the Nanded district of Maharastra which won the award for the best performanc e in implementing the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme for 2009-2010, we can sop up that around 1500 community from the village are registered under this scheme from which around 800 have been benifited from it. Pandurni has completed everywhere 100 irrigation projects. Of these projects one that has been remark fit is the rocky bund built by around 200 villagers, to prevent lubricating oil erosion. Officials claim that implementation of the scheme on such a large scale here has prevented the migration of labourers to other districts.Similar success stories have also been reported from various villages of Rajasthan. NREGA has created more work for rural people than any other programme since independence. If we mien at the coverage of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe, if we look at the participation of women, if we look at the financial inclusion that we have achieved about more than 10 crore bank accounts and post office accounts that have been opened for NREGA workers then a lot can be said in terms of its achievements.It can be agreed to a fact that nothing in this world is an unmixed blessing. I agree if the NREGA has good side, it has a bad side also. But the ill effects have been largely due to corruption in our country. Its because of that only the aam admi(ordinary people) are not able to avail the proper benifits of the scheme. NREGA is a scheme which if implemented properly can benefit the labour category of our country.

Adderall Abuse and Doctor Awareness Essay Example for Free

Adderall Ab riding habit and Doctor Awareness EssayAdderall is go ford in the discussion of Attention dearth Hyperactive Dis enounce, but has been ab utilize in umteen circumstances. minimal brain dysfunction has been known to larn certain symptoms, which can be possessed of serious negative effects. Adderall helps in the reduction of these symptoms. However, the addictive nature of Adderall has do it one of the almost ab utilise medications without prescriptions from medical practitioners. Adderall has, nevertheless, been exercisingd effectively as attention stimulus that helps the longanimouss to carry through well throughout the day (Helms, 1476). It is, therefore, only grave that awareness on the use of Adderall in persons with ADHD be amplificationd in order to maximize the positive effects of the psycho-stimulant intercession as foreign to its negative effects. The use of Adderall in ADHDMethylphenidate has often been used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperact ive Disorder. However, many of the scientific research and studies harbour placed Adderall above methylphenidate in order of efficacy. Adderall, when used by persons with ADHD, it is more than efficacious and lasts relatively longer in elating the persons attention (Joan and Davis 56). Further, it is more effective when applied in small doses than when used excessively. This is one of the issues that bring a point of appertain in as far as Adderall abuse is concerned. Its excessive use is not what shed light ons it effective, but kind of it only creates more side effects. Adderall is more efficient in psycho-stimulation due to the fact that it has the ability to increase the dopamine levels while preventing the re-uptake of the same (Joan and Davis 58).See more Sleep Deprivation Problem reply Speech EssaySide effects of Adderall and Public AwarenessDespite the positive effects that Adderall has in psycho stimulation, it as well as, like other treatment, poses serious and b ureauward negative effects the perfect reason wherefore it is important to undertake an intensive awareness on the use of Adderall in the treatment of ADHD. Some of the most adverse side effects that require effective medical response include rapid and abrasive heartbeat, light-headedness, which may result in fainting, where there is mellowed blood pressure that causes problems like unsettled concentration, and where the exploiter feels restless and finds it extremely difficult to concentrate (Helms, 1476). Blurred vision and severe headache, excessive discomfort at the chest due to severe chest pains, seizure and numbness are also among some of the adverse side effects of Adderall treatment of ADHD. Insomnia, diarrhoea and constipation, appetite loss and clog loss, loss of sex get under ones skin and impotence, dizziness and headache are also some of the side effects although they are a office mild (Donatelle 232).Despite all these Adderall use related side effects, it is i mportant to note that often, people have over-used the treatment. It has been identified to be addictive hence increasing the chances of its abuse. Just like other treatments, excessive use of Adderall does not help treat ADHD. In fact, it only makes the disorder worse by creating afterward use problems like troubled concentration, diarrhoea, dizziness, and headache. Instead of stimulating concentration, it only succeeds in creating more attention problems when used in excess (Andrews, et al, 226).Scientific studies have shown that the use of Adderall by pregnant women is extremely dangerous to the unborn child. The rats used in one of the studies indicated that there exist long-term behavioural and neurological changes hat emanates from prenatal and early postnatal focal ratio exposure (Grilly 101). It has also been established that there are chances of low birth weight or even premature birth and the baby may show withdrawal symptoms if the mother used Adderall during pregnancy most especially when she abused the medication. In fact, sudden deaths of children have been linked with the use of Adderall treatment drugs. Consequently, in some nations, the government has made an initiative to highly control the sale of the drugs (Grilly 101).More studies were have also been commissioned to establish the effects of Adderall treatments. They have indicated that there are high risks of a patient developing cardiac defects resulting from the use of Adderall drugs (Donatelle, 232). The rate of heart beat is increased and consequently the blood pressure, when drugs of amphetamine category such as Adderall are used in the treatment of any disorder or disease. The situation gets worse when overused. However, Adderall drugs are only more dangerous when used in a way not prescribed by certified physicians or when administered in response to dependency demands (Moore, 54).Caution is also given to patients with pre-existing mental or cardiac illness since the drug has th e ability of aggravating the situation. Persons with a history of drug abuse are also advised not to use Adderall, but may resort to other medical options that respond to the same problem of ADHD. This is due to the addiction nature of Adderall that makes it mathematical for people to abuse (Donatelle, 232).The above mentioned issues evidently illustrate that the use of Adderall has side effects something that is shared by a number of treatment compounds. However, when used in small doses, it is more effective in stimulating ones attention in the process of combating attention deficit. Excessive use of Adderall is extremely offensive to ones body given the fact that it produces many side effects that in the turn back override the intended benefits and functions (Grilly, 343). It is, therefore, advisable for the doctors to undertake close and effective observation of their patients to ensure that there is no abuse. Prescriptions should be normal and standard taking into considerat ion the action of the drug in the body and the half-life of the different strains of Adderall used. It is medically unethical for doctors to provide prescriptions without confirming the status of the patients body. Medical trial run to identify the pulse rate is necessary. In addition, medical history of the patient with relation to mental illness, cardiac problems or drug abuse or addiction is of primary importance before making a decision of putting persons with ADHD in Adderall treatment (Andrews, et al, 226).Awareness of the drug use should be deepen most specially in colleges and universities where students have in many cases used Adderall as study drugs to make them stay awake for long periods without sleep as they study. This academic use of Adderall has contributed immensely to its overuse and addiction thereby affecting many users negatively without them realizing it. The use of Adderall has also been identified in sports to an extent that many spots organizations banned the use of the drugs by athletes without any confirmed practitioners prescriptions. It is used as a proceeding enhancing substance, which is against the sporting policies (Andrews, et al, 226).Adderall has also in the past been used as recreational substance due to its stimulant nature. Some people crush and snort it while others mix it with water in order to use it as injections. Some people use it together with alcohol in order to achieve high level recreation (Moore, 54).The above mentioned different uses of Adderall indicate the extent to which the drug is abused. Awareness is thus important in order to make people understand that it is only meant for the treatment of ADHD, which should also be make in small doses. In order to reinforce the effective use of Adderall, majorly for the stimulation of attention in people with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, the government ought to legislate against over-the-counter sale of the drug. It should only be made available in hos pitals where patients are given after the certification and prescription by the doctors, which should be followed by proper medical examination. Persons found selling the drugs to people who are not prescribed for should be prosecuted (Andrews, et al, 226).The problem that faces the administration of Adderall is that there is not a single standardized dosage because adjustments are allowed fit to the patients therapeutic needs. However, it is important to consider the fact that Adderall must(prenominal) only be administered in lower dosages in spite of the adjustments. First and foremost, it is absolutely not recommended for persons or children under the age of 3 years old. Between 3 and 5 years old, the dosage should be 2.5 mg daily with recommended increase of 2.5 mg on every week intervals. For 6 or more years old children, it is advisable to start them on a 5 mg once or twice a day with increments of the same at weekly intervals on daily basis. The drug administration at all ages should be stopped whenever optimal response is achieved (Grilly, 343).decisivenessAdderall is effective in the treatment of ADHD, but must be ethically administered. Doctors should prescribe the medication after undertaking detailed medical examination in order to identify whether the patient qualifies for the use of the drug. It must be used only for therapeutic roles only without disposing the drugs for non-therapeutic use. In order to reinforce the awareness, governments should intervene and march on legislations that control the sale and use of the drug.

8 Principles of a Good Oral Communicator Essay Example for Free

8 Principles of a Good verbal Communicator EssayAccording to Lewis (1975), Communication means sharing messages, ideas, or attitudes that produce a degree of accord between a sender and a receiver. Communication can non take place until the receiver correctly receives and interprets the randomness and then respond. Oral communication implies communication through the mouth and includes individuals interacting using spoken course. Speeches, oral presentations and discussions be all forms of oral communications. Being a nigh(a) oral communicator can enable you to inform, motivate, entertain or even persuade others to accept your points of view. There ar many basic principles of being a good oral communicator. For the purpose of this paper I will briefly discuss eight (8) of these principles. Maintaining good center contact with your sense of hearing, knowing your topic and purpose, showing emotion of passions and interest during your speech, presenting a rounded picture an d oration clearly and pleasantly in a conversational manner all contribute to a somebody being an effective oral communicator. Being prepared is of most importance when giving a speech. hump your subject. Thoroughly research your topic and prepare for possible questions. The written speech should never be memorized. correspond moreMark Twains Humorous Sa scare in Running for G e preciseplacenor EssayYou will look stiff, sound uninteresting and bore your audience. Memorizing is a fatal mistake. It turns the speech into a mere recitation and reciting is not nearly as effective as speaking direct to the audience. A loudspeaker must be free to alter, omit, or add as he sees what his audience requires. If possible, make up index card game with notes or key phases to refer during your speech. It is very important to connect with your audience. Speak to your audience, listen to their questions, respond to their reactions, chastise and adopt. One mistake speakers often make is acting to prove theyre smart.When you stand in antecedent of an audience, thither is already a gap youre the expert, theyre not. By trying to excise your audience with your intellect, you create more distance and could come across as arrogant. Your job is to close the gap, not expatiate it. Add humour whenever appropriate and possible. Keep audience interested throughout you entire presentation. A macrocosm speaker should always anticipate bearingions. There will be members of the audience whose sole purpose is object to whatever is being presented. There will also be persons in the audience who might be knowledgeable about the topic you are presenting on.Be open to questions and let it be known that you put ont know it all. By being self-effacing, humorous and real, you become approachable and its easier to win over your audience. In turn, the more connected the audience feels to you, the more theyll pay attention to what you have to say. Use words that are within your audiences v ocabulary or calibre. Do not try to impress them by using big words as they will not understand what is being tell and will lose interest in your presentation. Maintaining sincere middle contact with your audience is a very essential part of giving a speech.It helps create a sense of two-way communication and shows that you are interested in interacting with your listeners. When you are looking at your audience, you should not stare and should try to scan the group, not looking too long at any one person or air division of the room. You should try to vary the focus of your eye communication, trying to involve everyone in the group or each section of the room. In public speaking the management of the voice is very important. whatever speakers speak too impression and cannot be heard well in a large hall. Some shout, and their voices are drowned by the echoes.Some talk so fast that they cannot be followed and some speak so slowly as to tire their hearers patience. The speaker sho uld speak clearly, for all to hear he should vary the intonation of his voice to avoid monotony and to enforce his meaning and he should know when to make effective pauses. Also you should add inflection and wildness to be effective in making your points. Communicate a little at a time. simplify your messages. You are where you are because of the depth and breadth of your expertise. Your natural inclination will be to impart slews of that knowledge onto your audience. Resist itOtherwise, youll bore and overwhelm your listeners with details theyll never retain. Focus on conveying a few powerful ideas that theyll remember. It is also beneficial for a presenter to present information in some(prenominal) ways. Use audio-visual aids or props for enhancement if appropriate and necessary. Master the use of the presentation parcel before your presentation. A presenter should speak with conviction as he really believes in what he is saying. Let your passion show.There is no substitute f or authentic passion at the podium. When you believe in your message and have energy around your topic, it will ranslate to your audience. Above all else, be yourself up there In concluding, a good oral communicator should aim to master the basic principles of public speaking. A speaker should know the needs of his audience and match his contents to their needs. Look pleasant, enthusiastic, confident, proud, but not arrogant. Maintain eye contact. Show appropriate emotion and feeling relating to the topic. Know his material thoroughly. Ensure that his speech will be captivating to his audience as well as worth their time and attention. The result will be a sharper central idea and a tighter, more coherent speech.

Lee’s Function in East of Eden Essay Example for Free

lees Function in atomic number 99 of Eden Essay1. submission As Shimomura(1982) points out, Steinbecks non-teleological thinking and the Taoism, which was put forward by the ancient Chinese philosopher named Lao Tzu, constituent a keen-sighted deal of similarity, in that both of them eyeshot hu valet beings from a detached and holistic standpoint. It is non clearly known how Steinbeck, who is plasteredly a product of his time and his Ameri screwing milieu, came to be introduce with and inte counterweighted in Lao Tzus philosophy, moreover now in Journal of A Novel, he appreciates Lao Tzu so highly that he coifs Lao Tzu beside Plato, Buddha, Christ, Paul, and the Great Hebrew prophets. It might safely be said that at that indue must have been a seedbed in his indigenous thought where a seed of Lao Tzu was sown, germinated, and at last bloomed into a beautiful and fragrant f misfortunateer so attractive for the Oriental reader. Thus, the purpose of this report card is setoff to focus on leeward in East of Eden, then to make clear the blood between non-teleology and the philosophy of Lao Tzu, and lastly to show how closely Lao Tzus philosophy is think to the idea of timshel.2. Lee as a servant and philosopher As is well known to his reader, Steinbeck creates three Chinese characters throughout his novels from the first, Cup of Gold, to the last, The Winter of Our Discontent. To list them, they are Lee Chong, who is an owner of a grocery store, a flip-flopping old Chinaman who is not identified by name in Cannery Row, and Lee, who step forwards in East of Eden.though these Chinese characters whitethorn respectively perform signifi preemptt functions in their own rights in their stories, the one who particularly warrants considerable attention among these characters is Lee, who is more active and more influential in determining the fates of the major characters in the novel. Moreover, it is noteworthy that Oriental philosophy, which is a deciding factor in the resolution of this novel, is conveyed to the reader through the express of this Chinese character, who is actually thought to be a spokesman of Steinbeck himself.though Lee makes his first appearance in chapter 15 of East of Eden as a faithful servant to the family of pass Trask, it is when he first meets Samuel Hamilton by chance in the later scene that he turns out to be something more than a mere servant and also begins to carry his own significance in the novel. This scene should acquire neat magnificence, in that Lee first clarifies his general view of life as a spokesman of the author. Even in the first conversation he has with Samuel, Lee is instinctively aware that Samuel is a someone whom he can trust.Just after exchanging a few vocalises with him, Lee quits speaking in pidgin English, as if he cast away his protective shell into which he has secretly retired until then. And in the course of the conversation, he spontaneously confides to Samuel his idea on what it is alike to be a servant I dont know where being a servant came into disrepute. It is a refuge of a philosopher, the food of the lazy, and, properly carried out, it is a position of baron, counterbalance of love. I cant understand why more intelligent people dont sign on it as a career learn to do it well and reap its benefits.But a good servant, and I am an excellent one, can completely control his master, tell him what to think, how to act, Finally, in my circumstances I am unprotected. 1 This philosophical view on servantship which is verbalize through the mouth of a Chinese character plainly reflects the authors basic view toward life, for it is easy to imagine that Steinbecks manner of describing the predominance of servantship over the mastership oozes from the idea of relativity which he attained as the outcome of his favorite non-teleological thinking.The idea tells the reader that any measuring stick, as off the beaten track(predicate) as it is built around the artificially contrived system of values, loses its significant validity when seen in the light of non-teleological standpoint. concord to this view, a person in a sociablely reputed position of power cannot avoid the possibility of lo boobg his power when seen through another different peep-hole. And it is possible that in fact a low and unrespected person may gain predominating influence upon the people who are ranked far above in the so-called social status.Furthermore, another interesting point in this relation lies in the passiveness of such a low position. A person in a low position is unprotected by himself, but by becoming a servant to another person in a higher position he begins to play a role in his own right and at last controls his master. This master-servant relationship uttered by Lee reveals that once he has gotten employment by his master, even a helpless person who has little social function by himself not only begins to fulfill his own function but also gains predominance over his master.Consequently, this authority that in this relationship a master is no eight-day a master and a servant is also no longer a servant. Eventually in this work this relationship results in the fact that Lee actually controls Adam in every situation. 3. Lee as a spokesman of Lao Tzus philosophy Similarly in the Lao Tzu, a collecting of wise-sayings which were written by a person named Lao Tzu active in the fourth century BC(Fukunaga, Hachiya, Takahashi), the very(prenominal) topsy-turveydom in the ace of values can be found in one of the eighty fractional writings. In chapter 78 it saysIn the world there is nothing more submissive and reeking than water. except for attacking that which is hard and strong nothing can surpass it. This is because there is nothing that can take its place. That the weak overcomes the strong, And the submissive overcomes the hard, Everyone in the world knows yet no one can put this fellowship into practice . at that placefore the sage says, One who takes on himself the humiliation of the state Is called a ruler worthy of religious offering sacrifices to the gods of earth and millets Straightforward lyric poem Seems inconclusive. 2In this passage quoted above, Lao Tzu explains the victory of the submissive and the weak over the hard and the strong, just in the equal way that servantship finally achieves victory over mastership. intelligibly enough, there is a great deal of similarity between Lees general placement toward life and Lao Tzus precept of holding fast to the submissive. Needless to say, the common belief which underlies their paradoxical view stems from the idea that man- do values are nothing but relative, and this relativity is resulted from their attempt to rest their standpoint on a place which is asfree from human-centered arrangement as possible.There is no doubt about the idea that Steinbeck created Lee as a deciding factor of the outcome from this novel framed with a good and cruel report card, and it is not too much to say that Lees appearance reveals the authors strong consciousness of the relativity between good and crime. This becomes clear when Lee encourages Adam by saying, What your wife is doing is uncomplete good nor bad. Theres no springboard to philanthropy like a bad conscience.3 Additionally, there is another similarity between them also in their dexterity of describing such relativity. Both Steinbeck and Lao Tzu clarify the interdependence between the weak and the strong by express the predominance of the former over the latter. This is because they think that the weak is more closely related to the natural processes of the universe than the strong is. That is to say, in the philosophy of Lao Tzu there is nothing like water that follows the way that the tao is and on the other hand, according to Steinbecks non-teleological thinking, Lee occupies an ideal position in life.Based on the assumption that the Lees view of life involves such relativity in itself as a main factor, it is quite convincing that the devise timshel, which means thou mayest in English, is introduced through the mouth of Lee in the novel. Probably one of the most impressive scenes in the novel is where Lee, Samuel, and Adam meet together to decide on names for the twins. laid close to in the center of this long novel, this naming scene actually shows the reader a certain turning point from which East of Eden meanders between good and execration all the way to the final scene.In this scene Samuel reads a long passage from the Old Testament. This passage includes the Cain-Abel story, and they eagerly talk about the views of the original sin which Cain committed by killing Abel. Lee is so potently struck by this story that he feels that it is a chart of our souls. Though he never refers to them on this scene, deep in his mind remains the Lords word to Cain after rejecting his sacrifice And if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him. This naming scene, where Lee is exposed to the Cain-Abel story, effectively leads to the scene in chapter 24 where he puts a new interpretation on words of the above passage. 4. Timshel interpreted from the Oriental vantage point Chapter 24 in East of Eden warrants the most careful attention first because it develops the motif of the Cain-Abel story discussed in the previous scene, and also because it crucially affects the direction of this work. This chapter reveals that Lee has given his thought to the story for almost ten old age since his serious discussion he had with Adam and Samuel.A certain part of the Lords words to Cain has bothered this Chinese for such a long period. It is thou shalt over him. In the course of these years he went to the head quarters of his family association and asked for Chinese scholars to take on the study of Hebrew, in aim to find the more appropriate reading of the part. And finally in this scene he excitedly explains the importance of his finding in the presence of Samuel Lees hand shook as he filled the delicate cups. He drank his down in one gulp.Dont you see? he cried. The American Standard translation orders men to die hard over sin, and you can call sin ignorance. The King James translation makes a promise in Thou Shalt, meaning that men lead surely triumph over sin. But the Hebrew word the timshel Thou mayest that gives a choice. It might be the most important word. That says the way is open. That throws it right back on a man. For if Thou mayest, it is also true that Thou mayest not. Dont you see? 4.The above-quoted revelation made by Lee vividly reflects his idea of relativity between good and grievous. To begin with, Lee, who has been bothered long by Thou shalt, reaches the conclusion that it never lightens the burden imposed on the shoulders of a man who suffers sense of sin. The chief reason why Lee turns his back to Thou shalt lies in the assumption that eventually it is not completely free from a human-centered viewpoint. When the Lord says, Thou shalt to Cain, the most fundamental idea that strongly supports the words on the back is that of love.But the love, though it is thought to be more universal and crucially different than human love in quality, is not entirely free from mans viewpoint as far as the Lord in Christianity is a personified god. Basically such love, like one side of a coin, is inevitably sustained by hatred on the other side. Therefore, it follows that even when thou shalt is thrown to man through the mouth of Lord, his conduct has been already judged evil, more or less, by the artificially contrived standard of value which unavoidably lacks in the idea of relativity.When seen from another different angle, such conduct may appear to be good, because there might be good in it. After all, thou shalt works the repurchase of man only in the teleological manner. On the other hand, Le es new interpretation shows an utter indifference of the Lord to human conduct. It does not definitely order man to overcome evil nor involve any promise in it. Actually such characteristic of his interpretation may perchance plunge man into desperation because superficially it seems to lack love and intention to guide him to emancipation from the sin that he has committed.But Lee thinks that it is such an indifferent attitude that leads him to real salvation of his soul. Timshel, which is evidently a product of Lees assiduous study of the Cain-Abel story, is based on the idea of relativity just as are non-teleological thinking and Lao Tzus philosophy. This is clearly exemplified by the fact that thou mayest is eternally supported by the opposite prerequisite, thou mayest not. In other words it means that there is neither good nor evil in every human conduct, and at the same time, what is more important, it also means that there is both good and evil involved in it.Thou mayest on ly allows man to say, This is comparatively good and that is relatively evil. In this way Lee, as a Steinbecks spokesman, non-teleologically thinks that timshel unites good and evil into one body. Steinbecks notion of good and evil shown in East of Eden begins with the idea that both of them basically derive from the same state, and, no doubt, it is a product of his favorite non-teleological thinking. He never believes in a logical theory such as laws of the excluded middle where good and evil are orderly and clearly distinguished from each other.He usually places his main viewpoint in a chaotic place where there is neither good nor evil, and applies such a viewpoint to human conducts, with the ultimate result that an evil person should be saved in the same way a good person is saved. Though the optimistic attitude of his indigenous thinking has been repeatedly attacked for its lack of serious consideration toward evil, Steinbeck thinks that good and evil are relative, and, as a r esult, evil is nothing but a disconfirming state which is scatty in good it is more appropriate to say that it is merely a paradoxical state which is bleak of a strong consciousness of good.When employed as the framework of East of Eden, his non-teleological idea of good and evil crystallizes into the new interpretation of the Cain-Abel story, and the word timshel, on one hand, thoroughly awakens Adam, an allegorical figure of Abel, from his vain daydream to sober reality, and, on the other hand, it emancipates Caleb, an allegorical figure of Cain, from the thralldom of sin. This manner of treating good and evil, needless to say, has great similarity to the philosophy of Lao Tzu, who writes the good man is the teacher that the bad learns from And the bad man is the hooey the good works on.5 As Steinbeck views the world from the detached standpoint of the infinite undivided, so Lao Tzu has created the notion of the tao to eradicate a human-centered view of the world out of his p hilosophy. This attempt has brought about the same result as Steinbeck has achieved. That is to say, they have both reached the same conception of mans true place in the universe, and his relation to the world about him, which enables both of them to place an emphasis on the relation of individuals to the whole and treat individuals for their own sake.Such treatment of individuals is summarized by saying that everything is an index of everything else6 and that The heavy is the resolve of the light. 7 Finally, the quintessence of Steinbeck as a novelist undoubtedly lies in the employment of non-teleological thinking as the frameworks of his novels. The betrothal of this method does not allow him to achieve invariable success in his literary works, but, at least, it can be said that it enables him to view human conduct from the broadest and highest standpoint possible, which Lao Tzu paradoxically describes by adopting negative terms such as Nothing and The Nameless. Notes 1. John St einbeck, East of Eden, p. 190. (Penguin Books, 1976), All citations from Steinbeck are from Penguin editions and will be noted by page numbers following the citations. 2. D. C. Lau, Lao Tzu Tao Te Ching, p. 140. (Penguin Books, 1963), All citations from Steinbeck are from Penguin editions and will be noted by page numbers following the citations. 3. John Steinbeck, East of Eden, p. 434 4. John Steinbeck, East of Eden, p. 349 5. D. C. Lau, Tao Te Ching, p. 84. 6. John Steinbeck, The Log from the Sea of Cortez, p. 259 7. D. C.Lau, Tao Te Ching, p. 83 . Works Cited Fukunaga, Mituji. Roshi (On Lao Tzu ), Tokyo Asahishinbun-sha, 1968 Hachiya, Kunio. Ro-So wo yomu (A line of business of Lao Tzu and Zhuang Tzu). Tokyo Kodansha, 1987. John Steinbeck. The Log from the Sea of Cortez, Penguin Books. 1976 -. East of Eden, NewYork Penguin Books. 1976 Lau, D. C. , trans. Lao Tzu Tao Te Ching,New York Penguin Books, 1963. Shimomura, Noboru. A paper of John Steinbeck Mysticism in His Novel . Toky o The Hokuseido Press, 1982. Takahashi, Susumu. Roshi (On Lao Tzu ), Tokyo Shimizu-shoin, 1970.