The Cold War and the Concept of American Citizenship Essay

The Cold War and the Concept of American Citizenship - Essay casefulAt the same time, the growth in power of the Stalinist USSR and the concerns with respect to the future of the world order after the decline of old European powers (Britain included) light-emitting diode the U.S. to intervene much more actively in the internal affairs of their partner (and satellite) states, contributing to the rise of anti-imperialist and anti-militarist mentality among the wide sectors of the American population. These two developments led directly to the transformation of the concept of American citizenship, which was now considered to be both a sign of super-power entitlement and a stigma connected with the U.S. imperialist designs. In general, the demise of WWII was met with immense jubilation by the U.S. public, as it was believed that the suppress of hostilities would bring about the new prosperity. However, already in 1946, the Fulton Speech by British statesmen Winston Churchill signifie d that the westward powers were to confront the Soviet opposition in the post-WWII settlement of the globe. Thus a picture of the new worldwide rift emerged that pitted the USA against the allegedly merciless Soviet communists. This generally Manichean worldview found its some visible expression in the McCarthyist campaign of anti-communist hysteria that was accompanied with veritable persecution of all alleged supporters of the communistic Party of the USA. Within a McCarthyist discourse, such individuals were regarded as traitors to not only the U.S. Federal government, but to a very American Way of Life that was to be considered sacrosanct by all citizens. This inherently button-down interpretation focused on such symbols as private property, freedom of religion and free endeavour to rally the opponents of Soviet Communism around the visage of the American national identity. In this way, the American civic patriotism became increasingly associated with the notions of econ omic liberalism and social and political conservatism, which were now to co-exist in a potentially nervous synthesis. It is characteristic that McCarthyist paid specific attention to the notions of citizenship, as disloyal elements, potentially of European migrant descent, were to be deprived of their American citizenship, if considered un-American. The activities of a famed House Committee for Un-American Activities (HUAC) may be considered an epitome of McCarthyist efforts to bring about such an outcome for their ideological opponents. Nevertheless, the McCarthyist project for the revamping of the American cultural and civic identity, with the subsequent de-liberalization of the American political culture, was bound to failure, as the significant segments of the American political elite were averse to allow the conservatives to monopolize the political agenda of the nation. The dismissal of McCarthy and the discrediting of his supporters meant that the U.S. elite were to move in direction of the socially liberal policies that were tried in the New Deal period. Both Eisenhower and Kennedy may be regarded as the reconciled promoters of such a course, notwithstanding all understandable differences in their internal and foreign policies. The late fifties saw the gradual de-emphasizing of the geo-political confrontation with the USSR, as the level of anxiety and concern with the Soviet threat began to sink after the death of Stalin and especially after the effective end of the Korean War. These two developments, together with the end of the post-WWII economic reconstruction and the definite beginning of an era of consumer spending and individual prosperity that was not seen and horizontal imaginable in previous decades, helped re-define the concept of American citizens

Personal statement for law school Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For law school - individualized Statement ExampleI find these issues fascinating as the intricacy of law continues to astonish.Also, I am charmed by advancements in the law and how it adapts to an ever-altering society. I believe I would be suitable to a law level as challenges bring out the best in my ability. I relish the guess of lateral thinking and take pleasure in assessing human relationships. For a long period, I hurl been satisfied with the intelligence that I hold. I constantly set new objectives and goals that help stretch my creative thinker in a better way than previously. I also let all experiences to shape my thoughts, opus non losing what I have been learning and my convictions (Frum, 2000). This has always been my way of life. Undertaking legal education is not my final achievement, nor volition acquiring a legal degree satisfy my desire for knowledge. I affect to be in constant search for challenging objectives that need tremendous person reflection and g enius expansion.The knowledge and experience I will get hold of when going to law school will extend my mind to deliberate in ways that I have not done. This will permit me to face future academic, intellectual, and profession goals with enthusiasm and confidence. Academically, I have always been determined. This made me realize that existence admitted to Law school would be the subsequent step. I have a large interest in a number of subjects yet feel attracted towards Law. Pursuing a Criminal Justice degree has back up me to become open minded and well acquitted with criminal activities (Frum, 2000). While pursuing a degree in Criminal Justice, I realized the importance of criminal justice and the issues that are assessed.To add on to my academic interest in Law, I was engaged in a number of extracurricular activities. I was a member of the schools debating society. The experience I gained has taught me to develop skills in

Cultural Differences and People Management Essay - 4

Cultural Differences and commonwealth Management - Essay ExampleIthas been one of my favourite subjects by far.Itwas one of my favourite lessons in class. It was very informative, and I got to test some of the theories that I learned. I totally agree with the notion that collectivist and unmarriedist cultures exist, and the society is mainly made up from these cultures. In a class, I got to learn that stack be to the collectivist cultures place high value to society as a whole.They live a more than selfless life working hard for themselves and even harder for the welfargon of their community. However, an individualist society is a modest different from this. In such societies, people tend to place more importance on individual goals rather to the objectives of the society. There is only I and no We in this type of a culture. I treasured to see if this was true and I researched on the Internet.Triandis (1995) has written an entire book on these types of cultures, and he writes that people from collectivist cultures are nurtured and raised to think about the society rather than about them. People in this kind of a culture live with unity often seeking help from one another. Triandis (1995) describes the individualists as entirely different. People living in these kinds of cultures promote individual goals. They are independent and feel discredited of seeking help from others.These readings proved very beneficial for me. I never knew that these cultures existed until I took a impendent look at different communities that exist in my country. One of my fathers close friends is an Indian, and I have grown up seeing him. When I went through the notes, he was the first person that came to my mind. Mr Mukesh was so much like what I had studied in class.He lives in an Indian neighbourhood where everyone interacts on a daily basis. I happen to know this because I have witnessed it with my own eyes. There are always relatives and other neighbours in their house w hen I go there. Mr

World Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World Leaders - Essay ExampleIn this essay, Steve Jobs and Richard S Fuld leave be compared for their lead qualities and accomplishments. Learning from this study will be applied to sympathise own leadership qualities and key qualities that could help in becoming a better leader will be identified. Conclusions will be drawn based on learning obtained from this entire study. It is first grave to understand the background of Steve Jobs and Richard S Fuld. Firstly, Steve Jobs was the co-founder of apple Inc, the worlds most admired company. He co-founded orchard apple tree in 1976, and has ever since been innovating and revolutionising the PC technology. His contributions to this revolution came in the form of ground-breaking personal computers. Jobs association with orchard apple tree was ab initio real challenging as Jobs was very clear about how to run his business, which others did not seem to be convinced. In spite of immense growth and success, Jobs continued to face differ ences with his colleagues due to which he had to depart from Apple Inc. He later started another company, Next, which also did excellent business for almost 10 years during this tenure, Jobs was able-bodied to successfully create another computer platform development company and created numerous computer-animated feature films that became very famous. During this time, Apple had realized its loss and asked Jobs to join back as its CEO. Jobs again created history with this return to Apple through his innovation in the form of ipod, iTunes, iMovies, Apple TV, ipad, and iphone (Lussier & Achua, 2009). Secondly, Richard S Fuld is the ex-CEO of Lehman companions that filed for bankruptcy during 2008 recession. Fuld is known for his competitive liven up and his traditional style of leadership. After the collapse of Lehman Brothers was announced, Fuld is known to have escaped from the press and did not motivation to answer their questions, which many found it unethical he also did not accept that he had through anything wrong (Koch, 2008). His failure is also mainly due to his high risk-taking actions and risky business decisions his arrogance and certitude can also be blamed. It will be interesting to study the leadership styles of these leaders. Both leaders exhibit certain leadership characteristics such(prenominal) as energy, intelligence, knowledge, decision-making, confidence, enthusiasm, independence and desire to lead (Daft, 2008). However, qualities such as honesty and integrity probably lacked in Fulds leadership based on the outcomes seen post Lehman Brothers collapse. Some common leadership traits can be identified in Jobs and Fulds leadership such as, risk-taking behaviors, aggression and confidence, passion, and competitive spirit. However, Jobs also had other traits such as passion, creativity, empathy, and vision. On the other hand, Fuld is slight courageous, more authoritative and demanding. According to theory, these traits are that of an auto cratic leader (Daft, 2008). Steve Jobs also showed some traits of democratic leadership, such as encouraging others, participation, and dependence on subordinates knowledge and abilities. Jobs continuously encouraged his aggroup members to create something unused and he was immediately drawn to something different that his team made in terms of technology or products. However, he always looked for perfection and high quality. It was very difficult for the team to match up with Jobs expectations. In spite of these findings, Jobs leadership can be said to be autocratic and not democratic. Daft (2008) explains that team members tend to

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Case speculate - Assignment ExampleLieutenants were appointed and they were given specific works. The intelligence and scouting division was headed by allow Scarlet. He always kept a track of the Sheriffs moves. He continuously gathered tuition about the travel procedure of merchants and tax collectors. Discipline among the solidification members was maintained by Little John. He also made sure that archery of the phone was maintained to the level that their job demanded. The finance division was taken care by Scarlock. He did the job of converting ransack to cash. He also looked for appropriate secret storage places for the surplus cash. The Millers son named Much served the intricate task of meeting the needs of the band members which was continuously increasing (Gerring 67).In the current scenario, Robin Hood needs a new scheme of action. It may even significantly modify and design alternative strategies to fight against the sheriff. The old plan has forthwith become obso lete and thus needs to be enhanced for better results. There has been a castrate in the external and internal environment and therefore the old ways of generating revenues are not operative any more. An alternative has to be planned to avoid the financial crisis that the band is going through. The organization of the band has to be restructured to reinforce discipline within the band. The band members should not misalign from the goals that they are supposed to achieve. frankincense a new mission has to be designed to overcome the current problems that the band is facing (Pahl and Richter 143).The intricacy of bands operations to other unexplored parts of Sherwood Forest can be an telling strategy. This could help the band to mitigate some of the difficulties faced by the band. This would help the band to significantly stupefy in size. Revenue generation will be enhanced and the resources obtained from the Sherwood Forest will be sustainably maintained. some other alternative method of revenue generation

Arguing from Multiple SOURCES- Position Paper Essay

Arguing from Multiple SOURCES- Position Paper - Essay simulationThere is yet one more notable thing about this class that I would give care to mention. You have helped to make Middlebury a more diverse and inclusive place than it was four years ago which brings me to the theme I particularly want to discuss this afternoon. Your class is statistically the most diverse, and the most international, ever so to graduate from Middlebury. That has certainly affected and I would say greatly improved the education you have accredited here.Both McWhorter and Liebowitz agree that diversity is a positive step to improving the lives of many. So why, then, do or so universities use racial discrimination in the selection of students accepting only the bare minimum of non-whites to the basis in regulate not to appear racist instead of using SAT scores and grades as meritocratic tool to admit students. Students do not just go to university in order to play a well educated, national elite (McWhorter pg.438, ch.4), but also to enrich their own lives, to have a once in a lifetime experience where groups of people of relatively the same age brush aside come together and socialize and form bonds as well as improve and change the order of thinking.Since my undergraduate days, however, elite universities have come to mean something much different when they speak of diversity having as many brown faces on campus, regardless of standards.In both cases there would be racial discomfort, with the nonage only interacting within their own community and not socializing with the larger university community. This would also cause separatism inside and between fraternity and sorority houses.If universities were to remove the diversity preference part of their recruitment program they therefore would have to admit students according to intellect, for example SAT results and grades instead even if this, as much as it proves valid, has the problem that their past

Evaluating Democratic values of graduate students in the both Research Paper

Evaluating antiauthoritarian values of graduate students in the both government and private universities of the UAE . an Educational L - inquiry write up ExampleThe students are selected in a non-random manner from two private and two government universities in Abu Dhabi. The data is collected using a quantitative questionnaire with Likert Style questions, and the data is analysed using excel spreadsheets. The seek findings indicate that overall, the students lack in appreciation of antiauthoritarian values. Also, students who are older, are female and have a future plan of joining the private sector are more likely to have democratic values and imbibe them in their educational lives. It is also found that the teachers do not encourage classroom democracy and the libraries and the campus are not considered to be democratic. Table of Contents Chapter 1 approach 1.1 Research ambit 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Research Objectives 1.4 Research Significance 1.5 Research Methods 1.6 abridgment Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 establishment 2.2 Democratic Values 2.3 Research on Classroom Democracy Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Approach 3.3 Research Methods 3.4 Research Design 3.4.1 Sample 3.4.2 selective information Collection Method 3.4.3 Data Collection Instrument 3.4.4 Data Analysis Method 3.5 Research Validity and Reliability 3.6 Ethical Considerations 3.7 Summary Chapter 4 Findings and Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Findings 4.3 Summary Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Research Conclusions 5.2 Recommendations 5.3 Research Limitations and Scope for Future Research List of Tables and figures Table 1 climb on Distribution an Democratic Values Table 2 grammatical gender and Democratic Values persona A Scores on democratic values Figure 1 Right to Life Figure 2 Right to Liberty Figure 3 Belief in Common Good Figure 4 Right to Justice Figure 5 Right to equating Figure 6 Belief in Respecting Diversity Figure 7 Belief in prevalent Sovereignty Figure 8 Age Distribution of Respondents Figure 9 Democratic Values and Age Figure 10 Gender and Democratic Values Figure 11 Gender Distribution of Students Figure 12 Gender and Democratic Values Figure 13 Plans after Graduation Figure 14 Future Plans and Democratic Values Figure 15 Enabling Active Student Participation Figure 16 Avoid using Textbook Only Instructions Figure 17 Encourage pensive Thinking Figure 18 Encourage Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Figure 19 Discussing Controversial Issues with Openness Figure 20 Encourage Individual Responsibilities Figure 21 Encourage recognition and respect for Human Dignity attachment A Research Questionnaire References Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background The UAE has been transitioning from an oil dependent area to a nation that has world class capabilities in almost all sectors of industry and services (Ibrahim, 2007). The transition from the oil-based scrimping to one that is more diverse req uires that the country also develop a pool of indigenous and knowing individuals that can restitution on the jobs and responsibilities to helm the companies in the near future (Godwin, 2006). While traditionally, all sectors of the country are largely functional with the help of the foreign nationals and expatriate employees, the ultimate aim is to develop UAE nationals to take on these responsibilities at the earliest. Education therefore becomes an essential requirement for the country, and there is an overall focus and investment funds in this sector. The UAE is now focused on developing educational institutes and educational

Finalpart2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finalpart2 - Essay ExampleMorgan and Northern Securities. Roosevelt was a steady proponent of labor who made immense efforts to help United States citizens. He tried his best to take to heart consumers and proposed the Pure Food And Drug Act to the congress that wasmeant to protect citizens from harmful foods and medicine. He also naturalised a workmans compensation scheme this is a fee that employers had to pay employees who sustained injuries in the course of duty. William Taft issued a tarrif known as the Payne-Aldirich Tariff which placed high taxes on imported goods. He believed that this would be beneficial to the United States and helpbusiness to business to develop. Tafts domestic agenda accentuated civil service reforms, trust-busting, fortifying the interstate commerce commission, passing the sixteenth amendment and bettering the performance of the postal dervice. On the contradictory front, he sought to put under the economic development of nations in Asia and Latin A merica through Dollar Diplomacy and displayed absolute sanction and moderation in response to the revolution in mexico. 4. The outbreak cold of the cold war female genitals be majorly blamed on the united states and its allies after the first world war. The allies invaded the Soviet union, armed and supplied the United States to fight the soviet government which was supported by bulk of the russians. This immediately became a source of conflict between the communist soviet union and the capitalists. The first strike was made by the united states and its allies arguing that the soviet union spread communism. The case put forward by the united states that the soviet union was to blame since they had put missiles in Cuba in incomplete and thoughtless. The americans already had the similar missiles aimed at the Russians placed in Turkey and the missiles put in cuba were just a mechanism of take the playing field (Kennedy & Bailey, 2010). During this period of the cold war, the folow ing three significant changes occurred in Americas foreign policy The american government initiated the process of aiding anti soviet outfits analogous the Mujahideen in Afghanistan. diplomatical ties were created between America and the Peoples republic of China during this period. America initiated the diplomatic process that complete NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) to keep the Soviet Union in check. These policy changes ensured that America mended fences with previous enemeies like China and put in place measures that kept the country on top with regards to military might. 5. The race-related riots that skint out in numerous cities of the united states during the 1960s brought about many arrests, deaths, injuries, as well as significant damage of property that mainly affected the areas inhabited by african americans. It is hard to barely identify the ways in which these riots impinged on economic activity in the united states over a long period of time, however variou s prospective reinforcing chanels are present. Property risk increased in the central city neighborhoods resulting in a rise in insurance premiums compered to that before the riots. The riots caused increases in Taxes for income redistribution, exculpate and police protection, closure of some retail outlets and relocation of some employment opportunities and businesses. Other key impacts include relocation of higher and middle income households, destruction of buildings that were torched. These destructive impacts of the race-related ri

GEOGRAPHY 141 PROJECT 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GEOGRAPHY 141 PROJECT 2 - Term report card ExampleThe article sheds light on environmental degradation occasioned by the deforestation in explore of wood fuel or emission from kerosene stoves. The stove developed is partly whatever of the strategies that Keberenge suggests should be rolled fall out mostly in rural Kenya to save the environment. Chanji, Tobias. Nema threatens to sue Coast hotels for pollution. 19 February 2013 . 15 April 2013 . Coastal city is a major tourist destination city in Kenya. Nonetheless, the article raises concerns regarding some of the hotels in the city that fail to treat the effluent from their hotels before releasing them to the environment. The article further sounds a warning that if expeditious measures are not taken to address the issue Kenya might lose out on tourists who are the major contributors to the foreign exchange. Njoroge, Karanja. Nairobi sewage chocked by population. 2 December 2012. 4 April 2013 . The article essentially talks about the strain that population growth in Nairobi is having on the infrastructure and more so the sewerage system. According to Njoroge, the sewerage system than deals Nairobi metropolis was meant to serve a population of one million in 1961 when it was constructed. Unfortunately, the same system is being used 50 years later to serve a population that is three times more to that of 1961. The impact has been unceasing bursting of sewerage system causing environmental and health hazards to the city residents. Nyasato, Robert. Experts discerning about bollix up temperament in Kisii. 07 April 2013. 15 April 2013 . The article by Nyasato tackles the red flag raised by Richard Omboga, who is a waste management consultant based in Kisii County, regarding the inappropriate disposal of solid waste in the county. Omboga is worried that if nothing is done to provide appropriate throw away site from household and medical facilities, then the lives of the residents near is endangered. He furt her asserts that the garbage and other solid wastes are toxic and if allowed to be swept by running water it could harm the communities that utilize the water. Basically, the author raises concerns over unavailability of proper waste dumping site in Kisii County. Nyongo, Anyang. Our future lies in rapid urbanisation but we are not prep for it. 14 October 2012. 14 April 2013 . The article covers the strain of resources orchestrated by rapid urbanization. The authors raises concern that the developmental and urbanizations of Kenya is plausibly to face hurdles as no structures are being put in place to extend to the developmental agenda. Otieno, Jeckonia. Cement firm dust chokes residents lives. 26 February 2013. 15 April 2013 . The article talks about the environmental impacts of a cement manufacturing factory located long Mombasa-Nairobi Highway. Otieno Jeckonia, who is

Renewabe Energy Sources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Renewabe competency Sources - Research Paper ExampleRenewable nada sources and the significant opportunities for the aught efficiency exist everyplace a wide geographical area. Deployment of the renewable energy and technological diversification of the energy sources would result in a significant energy security and economic benefits (Johansson, 2007). There are several uncertainties surrounding the upcoming of renewable sources of energy. There are claims that the functional sources will be unable meet the choose in the future. In the past, the renewable energy has been terribly expensive to produce and use than dodos fuels. The renewable resources are mainly located in the remote areas, and it is terribly expensive to build the power lines in urban areas where electrical energy produced is needed. The use of this energy sources is also limited by the fact that they are not always available for use. During the cloudy days, they may be no solar power produced (Tiwari, 2012). When the winds are calm, and in that respect is drought there would be no hydropower produced in such a case. The use and production of the renewable sources has grown in the recent years as a result of high prices of gas and natural oil. The use of this energy is expected to continue rising over the next thirty years, although EIA projects will have to continue relying on the non-renewable fuels in order to meet the energy needs. Other sources of energy like the fossils cause an environmental endangerment because they contribute in the global warming. The United States is the leading consumer of energy her energy is expected to rise in the future. Alternative sources will be used this will ease the burden of importing petroleum products (Fra?ss-Ehrfeld, 2009). Therefore, U.S should be in the front line in developing the energy sources such as the wind and solar power. This will substantially boost the economy, hence reducing global warming and also help their citizen to bear on money. Unfortunately, oil companies have always been able to influence the department of muscle to reject proposals on additive sources of energy. It has always been that the decision of the department on the project will depend on the opinions of the oil companies. few countries have the capabilities of storing the energy for use. This is an exercise which requires funding this makes it difficult to establish various points where the energy can be stored (Laughton, 2006). Sources like geothermal and water requires funds to implement the project. Lack of knowledge can also be a problem when implementing the project of renewable from of energy. Projects like geothermal and hydropower have to be implemented by electrical engineers, which might be a significant problem while finding one. Solar energy utilizes the infrared radiations to emit energy. This can be used at night and does not require supernumerary resources. Despite requiring, no resources the people implementing must ha ve the required knowledge to implement the project successfully. Energy is a necessary resource that is necessary for all industrial societies. Natural sources of energy like fossil fuels pose a risk to the environment. Other sources of energy are not sufficient to meet the demand for energy. These conditions require the United States to find alternative sources of energy. These alternative sources must meet the demands of energy which will deoxidize the risks of global warming. Th

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS - Essay ExampleIt is of superior importance to mention that the better levels of technology powered connectivity are resulting in the successful diffusion of sundry(a) global trends, which emerges from assorted markets around the world. Because of faster evolution of the globalized trends, it can be said that the consumers are acquire more and more aware of their needs and wants. It also has to be said that the better connectivity is helping the rapid dispersion of global trends from the well established markets to the emerging markets, thereby creating the opportunity for development of consumer demands.This entire round of golf of increasing in consumer demand is having a direct impact on the part of the consumers in a circular manner. Faced by growing domestic demands in the marketplace, multiple companies located in various markets around the world are increasingly trying their level best to enter the new markets as they promote significant amount of business opportunity As a result, a major diversify of power balances is happening in the markets from the sellers to the buyers. The shift is more happening because of the large number of alternatives that are existence currently made available in the market. This has brought the focus on communicating the value of the products to the right garnish of consumers. While doing so, the companies and business organizations focus on the sue of usage of celebrity endorsers.The buying process is in general bifurcated into three phases, that is, pre-purchase, purchase as well as post-purchase (Rayport & Jaworski, 2003, p. 119). The decision making process of the consumers comprises of need recognition, search for information, alternative evaluation, purchase as well as post purchase outline (Lamb and et.al, 2011, p. 189). With the rise of competition in the modern business world, marketing communication has become vibrant and alter with endorsements. As a result, it has become very challenging for brands to get noticed by the

Negotiation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Negotiation - Assignment ExampleThe two-day long correspondence with the client leads to us negotiating with a equipment casualty that did not amount to my work but was not in their estimation as well. I stop up withholding the rest of the series I had been working on for them and they paid me half hurt on a put up that I had worked a lot on but the positive stain is that I knew my walk away terms. It was found that poor communication was what lead to the break of the deal and a case was not filed from either of the party which I think is an achievement. I could buzz off conducted the negotiating terms burst if there had been a better communication system involved with information sharing from the start that would have helped in benefiting both parties. Another tactic that I could have applied in the negotiating terms is priorities because I left a pile of unfinished projects in lieu of this certain project and had to put range of a function the time in other projects, so one important thing I learned from this failed project was to always get my priorities right and to give maximum time to things but do not barricade that there are other tasks that need to be done as well.The two-day long correspondence with the client leads to us negotiating with a price that did not amount to my work but was not in their favor as well. I ended up withholding the rest of the series I had been working on for them and they paid me half price on a project that I had worked a lot on. It was established that poor communication was what lead to the break of the deal.

Developing Leaders at UPS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing Leaders at UPS - Assignment casefulSimilarly, Jovita used her skills and knowledge to progress in future which came out positive for her. She focused on her someone study and with the passage of time she gained experience which helped her to become a thriving leader. As a leader, she took challenges irrespective of the results and focused her attention on learning from the experiences of other people. According to her, observation and remaining close to adroit employees helped her to gain a competitive edge in the market. She knew when to use her leadership style in which situation. Basically, Jovitas approach can be framed as a situational leader who acts according to the situation. Secondly, she focused mainly on developing good relations with her subordinates. A good leader always focuses on create good relations with his peers, employees and subordinates. She encouraged active participation of her employees, motivated them and helped them to improve their skills through training and development programs. A good leader always focuses on developing high communication with the employees, greater teamwork fundamental interaction and gives them space to act and behave within a certain limit. Jovita followed the same rules which helped her to become a productive leader in the corporate world of UPS.... Without these three basic elements, it is impossible to attain growth in the spiral of experience. Answer 3 Some of the skills that Jovita Carranza demonstrated in her c beer as a successful leader are 1- Cognitive ability Jovita possessed both raw intellectual horse strength and mental flexibility (Hughes, Ginnett, and Curphy 2012). She joined UPS when she was ready to take her skills to next level. According to her, intelligence and flexibility enable a person to groom ones skills. It was her flexibility and willingness to learn that helped her to attain her goals both personally and professionally. Leaders learn from the experiences of other s and by experimenting with their practices. 2- Strategic Thinking Strategic thinking has helped Carranza to gain global conflict and an edge over other competitors in the market. She knew how to make the most of her skills and thinking ability. Leaders know to deal with the other players in the market by making the most of their leadership potential. 3- Analytical Ability Jovita Carranza worked in variant regions with different employees from diversified backgrounds and under different situations. This helped her to develop analytical ability to analyze different situations and then to act differently according to the requirement. Also, it helped her to know the exact situation and the solution through her front working experience in different regions. 4- As described by Jovita, it is impossible to make lowering decisions and winning impression without eagerness to learn and without taking challenges, especially when one is uncertain about the results. These are the qualities of a true leader to take

The Major General Environment Developments that Impinge Upon the Europ Essay

The Major General Environment Developments that Impinge Upon the European Automotive Industry - Essay ExampleFurther Europe has highly evolved manufacturing facilities with automobiles constituting 36% of the total manufacturing of Europe. Of the fiver major automobile giants General Motors, Toyota carrefour, Daimler-Benz, and Volkswagen, the last two are indigenous to Europe but on the whole have a strong European presence with a number of sm eitherer groups adding to the competition. GM markets its products under(a) popular brand names of Opel and Vauxhall. The Ford Europe has staged major acquisitions in Europe by buying Land Rover, Aston Martin, and Volvo, Jaguar. Ford was the first US company to set up its manufacturing base in Europe as far back as 1920. Volkswagen, the German manufacturer is the most aggressive of all the European companies having acquired brands like Skoda, Bentley, Lamborghini, Audi, Buggati, and Seat.Since the early twentieth-century European car manufa cturers enjoyed the competitive advantage due to their location. Europe accounted for the utmost percentage of consumers while it also has the giganticst number of manufacturers. However, it faced the first trans-continental threats first from the US car major league like Ford, GM in the early twentieth century and then from the highly efficient Japanese cars in the 70s.Political Europe is an economically integrated region of 27 countries. The industries have to conform to cheeseparing equality in trade laws and manufacturing standards especially the emission standards of the European Union. European Commission, for example, wants to do away with the sozzled system of national car dealers (Madslien).Since dismantling of the Communist regimes in the Warsaw Pact countries, a large East European market has opened up for the European manufacturer. Due to the advantage provided by a common culture and proximate culture, the European automotive manufacturers were quick to capitalise on it. Companies like Volkswagen, Ford Europe, Daimler-Benz, and Peugeot Citroen have set up manufacturing facilities in East Europe.

Basic Wound Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Basic Wound Care - search ExampleIt results when additional pressure interrupts blood flow through the climb. This results in oxygen and nutrient inadequateness in the affected skin, which makes it break leading to the formation of the ulcer. Pressure from a hard surface, for instance, wheelchair and bed stinker cause an ulcer (Dziedzic, 2013). Involuntary muscle movements is another cause besides moisture, which can break shoot the epidermis. We go out focus on old age and terminal disease as some of the bump factors.Individuals, who are old have their skin aging out, which results in loss of elasticity. There is a dip in the blood flow through the skin, which is due to aging effects. Additionally, the amount of fat under the skin decreases as one gets older. All these put together makes the skin vulnerable to damage hence, an ulcer formation. We will now look at some terminal diseases in patients that can put them at change magnitude risk of pressure ulcers (Qaseem, Humphr ey, Forciea, Starkey, & Denberg, 2015). Type one and two diabetes results in increased blood sugar levels, which disrupts the prescript flow of blood. In peripheral arterial disease, build-up of fatty substance in arteries hampers blood supply to legs. core failure results in reduced blood supply to other parts of the body. Kidney failure results in build-up of slanderous toxins, which can cause damage to tissues.Reducing the risk of infection demands regular hand washing, debridement and wound cleansing. foster the wound from exogenous sources of contamination such as feces (Kifer, 2012). When dressing the wound, clean it using unproductive water, topical antiseptic or saline, which reduces the bacterial growth and risk of infection. In cases of foul odor, debridement, and frequent cleansing is necessary.Measurement monitors progress made in the healing process through changes in width, length, volume and cranial orbit of the wound. Simple measurement technique involves meas uring the

Maths in Everyday Life Essay Example for Free

mathematicsematicss in E very(prenominal) twenty-four hours Life Es s screwingYou may rise up yourself wondering what persona we c any for for some of the knowledge we obtain from math class in school. It is some successions difficult for students to appreciate the importance of mathsematics. They often find the subject boring and hard to understand. With this project we lead hopefully help our students realize that Mathematics is non just a subject on their time-table moreover a tool they affair in their everyday lifespan. Mathematics is sensation of the first things you learn in life. Even as a baby you learn to count.Starting from that tiny age you result branch to learn how to give building blocks how to count and indeed social movement on to drawing objects and figures. Through the geezerhood, and in wholly handlelihood through the centuries, teachers shed struggled to make math meaningful by providing students with troubles and instances demonstrat ing its operations in everyday life. Now, however, technology makes it mathematical for students to experience the value of math in periodical life, instead of just reading some it. Math is everywhere and yet, we may not recognize it because it doesnt look like the math we did in school.Math in the land nearly us sometimes limitms invisible. But math is present in our world entirely the timein the workplace, in our homes, and in life in general. When you buy a gondola, follow a recipe, or grace your home, youre using math principles. This presentation also, is prep bed using the principles of math. Math applies to daily life, with sections on gambling odds, purchase and leasing cars, population growth, decorating, and cooking. Most sections include hands-on activities. Formulas are a part of our lives.Whether we drive a car and need to calculate the distance, or need to work surface the volume in a live with give away container, algebraic formulas are employ every day without you even realizing it. Simply put, mathematics is about relationships. Mathematicians have developed a language of precise relationships, illustrated through their formulas and equations. We live in a world where so far, as we have keep backd, everything is connect and everything is experienced as different. We can learn about relationships in our world by looking at mathematical relationships that seem to match the situation being explored.For instance in that respect is a relationship between distance traveled, time of travel, and repair of travel. Mathematics provides a congenatorly unreserved equation Distance traveled = average speed multiplied by time of travel In simpler mathematical footing, d = s x t Math involves data analysis, number relationships and graphing, patterns and functions, statistics, and measurement. People who use math in their work, it doesnt occur that often that youd need to calculate 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 or 0. 1 x 0. 1 x 0. 1 x 0. 1 x 0. 1 o r other such(prenominal) computings.One example of how math do kind of connect with our everyday lives when we speak about determine feet, square meters, square inches, square miles, square kilometers or any other area units, or when we speak about cuboidal feet, cubic meters, cubic centimeters or any other such volume units. If you talk about SQUARE shaped areas, for example if you feel out My room is twelve by twelve square, youre meaning your room is 12 feet x 12 feet, or 122 square feet. I believe one reason that mathematics is not more by and large applied has to do with a tendency to think of mathematics barely in terms of numbers, precision, quantification, and so on.We forget that mathematics is also about relationships, relatedness, relationships between relationships, interconnections, dependency (functions), changing relationships (calculus), factors that constitute relationships (variables), structure (order, relationships), asymmetrical relationships (order), (g raphical, numerical, and other representations (mapping), increase and decrease (addition, subtraction , multiplication, division, etc. ) and so on. The notion of a function is other mathematical tool we can apply to our everyday situations.Function in mathematics has to do with relationships between variables how a dependent variable interpolates when related variables change. In a simple equation y=3x, if we change the value of x, then y changes. Y is c in alled the dependent variable, and x the independent variable. In other talking to the value of y depends on the value we give to x. And in this equation, we can give x any value we choose. In our everyday living, we do many things that are related to other things although not as precisely as in mathematics and we give values, affirm meanings, and so on. Our whole living involves relationships.Our successes are a function of our efforts. The way others treat us is a function of how we behave towards them. Meanings, values, significance, understanding, etc. , are functions of time more specifically info available at a time. In a world where as far as we know everything is related, we can learn a lot about our everyday relationships by studying the approaches of a system of rules that deals specifically with relationships. Variables and functions are provided two examples of a vast number of other mathematics approaches we can apply to better understanding our everyday relationships.Math applies to daily life, with sections on gambling odds, buying and leasing cars, population growth, decorating, and cooking. Most sections include hands-on activities. One of the or so complete and self-sufficient math units on the Web is Project Sky Math Making numeral Connections Using the information and Language of Patterns to Explore the Weather. They study the history of weather prediction, develop symbol sets, cultivate graphs, predict changes, solve problems, and discover rules. General semantics involv es applying the methods of science and mathematics to our everyday living.For instance, if we think of things anything in terms of the variable, we provide come to realize that like the mathematical variable that is sometimes a higher(prenominal) value and sometimes a lower value, we should expect things and situations to change. Sometimes this change will occur in the way we like other times not. Sometimes more than we expect, sometimes less. Sometimes we will observe no significant change. We can expect our moods and feelings to vary. Thinking in terms of the variable better prepares us to anticipate and manage changes in our lives.This could reduce a great deal of try out in our lives stress related to our forgetting that thing-processes are not constants. Family, partners, friends, work situations, health, etc. , wont stay the way we engraft them or the way we expect them to go. Thinking in terms of the variable, we would expect variations in our lives, and situations to v ary related to different time, places, contexts, and so on. It is primal to keep in mind that with regards to our everyday relationships, unlike mathematical equations, precision is not the important factor-variable here.Important factors involve recognizing relationships, interconnections, and interdependencies. An important factor is to be aware that we assign our own individual values to what we see, hear, read, and so on. We could avoid, or better manage many conflicts, by memory board variables and functions. There are lots of real uses of mathematics in our life. All the mathematics terms root on counting. Today our all businesses base on counting. There is no concept of business without mathematics. forrader the mathematics rules people use barter system. They give their goods to others and take the goods from other people.But this system cannot expand foresighteder when need of military mans increased day by day. Now you can think that counting has vital use in our daily life, just imagine if there were no mathematics at all, how it would be possible for us to count days, months and years. There is a cost for everything that we may use or purchase from markets so whats a cost? What are utility bills? Whats the ticket worth? These are all applications of mathematics. We cannot deny the importance of mathematics in our daily life. When we got to crop to purchase something we need mathematics. When someone comes to our shop to purchase something we need calculations.There are many uses of mathematics in real life most(prenominal) likely in jobs like accounting, banking , store manager or just functional at a simple fast food store. These are very simple applications of mathematics. Mathematics is at the core of all the communication technologies, its used in accounting, finance etc in short we are using mathematics in some form or another everywhere in our daily lives. But the most important use of mathematics in our technologies cannot be c ontradicted. Our most of the system base on calculating machines and all the computer technology are stands on mathematical rules.All computers work on binary code, code of vigor and one. So we cannot deny the importance of mathematics in real life. Everyday life would be kinda difficult if you had no knowledge of math. To know whats the time, the most precious thing. On a basic aim you need to able to count your money, multiply, subtract and divide. You need knowledge of math if you want to work out how much material to buy for a job. More modernistic mathematics is essential if you take up any kind of technical career such as engineering. Working on algebra and geometry also helps with logical thinking skills and assists later in life with technical problem solving.Living your day to day life without maths would be extremely difficult. Even if you were a nomad in the desert you would want to count your goats, wouldnt you? The key to hazard These are the years of small beginn ings until the day comes that you have to be able to do something as manifold as algebra. Math is the key that will unlock the door before you. Having the ability to do algebra will help you excel into the field that you want to specialize in. We live in a world where only the best succeed. Having the ability and knowledge to do algebra will determine whether you will take the short turf out or the detour in the road of life.Prerequisite for advanced training Most employers expect their employees to be able to do the fundamentals of algebra. If you want to do any advanced training you will have to be able to be fluent in the concept of letters and symbols used to represent quantities. Science Moreover, it is also believed that Mathematics is the mother of all sciences. This also shows us that all the sciences that are evolved have a sound foundation in mathematics, if we go further in debate it would be justified to say that the blessings of all these modern sciences and technolog ies are only possible with mathematics.Mathematics is used as a problem solver in every field of science. Mathematics is playing a very important exercise in our daily lives. In fact mathematics is involved directly or indirectly wherever we go and every thing that we may use. When doing any form of science, whether just a project or a lifetime career choice, you will have to be able to do and understand how to use and apply the concepts of math. Analysis When it comes to analyzing anything, whether the cost, price or profit of a business you will need to be able to do math.Margins need to be set and calculations need to be made to do strategic planning and analyzing is the way to do it. Data entry What about the entering of any data. Your use of algebraic expressions and the use of equations will be like a corner stone when working with data entry. When working on the computer with spreadsheets you will need algebraic skills to enter, design and plan. Decision making Decisions li ke which mobile phone phone provider gives the best contracts to deciding what type of vehicle to buy, you will use algebra to decide which one is the best one.By drawing up a graph and weighing the best option you will get the best value for your money. Interest Rates How much can you earn on an one-year basis with the correct interest rate. How will you know which company gives the best if you cant work out the graphs and understand the percentages. In todays life a good investment is imperative. Writing of assignments When writing any assignments the use of graphs, data and math will validate your statements and make it appear more professional. Professionalism is of the essence if you want to move ahead and be taken seriously.Math is basically about solving problems and calculating different things. So if you are good in math, you are good at solving problems and calculating things first hand. underside you see the importance of algebra? Your day can be made a lot easier with planning. In financial decisions this can save you a lot of finances or maybe get you the best price available. It all comes down to planning and using the knowledge and algebraic skills you have to benefit your own life. usage the key you have and make your life a lot smoother.Mathematics is very important for life since it helps us to quantify all the visible and invisible things with which we are dealings in daily life. It is human nature that they do not have complete confidence in the inborn or relative things, in the modern day of today the objective things are preferred and indisputable more than the ingrained things. Mathematics helps us to have an objective view of the different things we are dealing with. It helps us in making calculations about the things which are not physically developed like for buildings before look. Living a life unknowing Maths would be living in random oblivion.Mathematics is primarily used for the purpose of scientific calculation of figur es and objects. In real life the use of Mathematics can be applicable to every aspect, field, profession and subject etc. In IT field, in Statistics, in Accounts, in Algebra, in Geometry, for instance, Mathematics is used for calculating, multiplying, subtracting, division, differentiating, manipulating and managing the data in desired form. In other professions Mathematics can alone be used for the calculation of currency, recording the profits and loss. In ordinary life Mathematics can be used for the calculation of any specific or general sort.Concisely it can be said that Mathematics can be used for the authentic and scientific variation between and calculation of numbers, amounts, quantities etc measurements of the frequencies of light and sound, of distance. Maths is all around us. It is present in different forms it is very important that we take note of it. Things are measured or accurate due to maths. Mathematics has a prominent role to play in our daily life. We even didn t realize that maths is involves in every sort of activities. Whenever we fleece up the phone, manage the money, travel to some other place, unintentionally in all these things maths is involved. other very simple application is calendar year. How we know that today is Tuesday? It was Thursday on May 1, 2012? Its genuinely mathematics that gives/provides us all this information. Mathematics do play a big part in our daily lives. Mathematical functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and so on are used in our daily activities. From poor to rich , all have to some how use mathematics in their real lives. look at a housewife, who has to run her house in the given budget. She divides money according to her needs and estimates about the expenses and then spends it according her range.From the advent of civilization, man learn to count using stones and beads. In the earliest civilization, barter-system was used. Now-a-days, all day to day transactions in a multi-na tional or national companies involve mathematical operations . The application of maths is seen every moment, right from the moment we stir up up from bed in the morning gutter the moment we again go back to bed at night. As soon as we wake up, we first of all give a big yawn-that makes us think for how long we have yawned? 3 to 5 seconds? Here maths comes Again when we look at the clock, we realise how late we have got up 830 a. mHere the part called Time of mathematics is put to focus. Even when we encounter our teeth, we should know how much amount of toothpaste we must useits written on the tubes that children below the age of 6 years should use only a pea-sized amount of it. Again, we must keep a track of how much time we have to take to brush our teeth. Then comes the time of studying.. we keep a regular routine of how long we must study a particular subject and i often hear my mom formulation me. You must keep a little extra time for Maths and Science.. Then comes bathingw e take a certain amount of water which we can count in litres.Now if i have to go on saying for the whole day about the use of maths in real life, i would not be able to complete it in a day The list is endless. Mathematics is very important for life since it helps us to quantify all the visible and invisible things with which we are dealing in daily life. It is human nature that they do not have complete confidence in the subjective or relative things, in the modern day of today the objective things are preferred and trusted more than the subjective things. Mathematics helps us to have an objective view of the different things we are dealing with.It helps us in making calculations about the things which are not physically developed like for buildings before construction. We do calculations and ensure if their design is safe or not, withal mathematics helps us to plan things for emerging either is any production environment for products or services. It helps us to have an idea tha t how much earning or spending has been done and would it be beneficial to do a certain activity or not. In todays world mathematics is being applied everywhere like in the economy of a country, construction of buildings, marking and evaluation of persons.It would be appropriate to say that mathem atics has helped a lot in achieving the fast speed life with all its comforts and delights If we are quick at mental arithmetic, it will help you a lot in saving hundreds of pounds or dollars in the supermarket. And if you have knowledge of statistics it will help you see through the baloney (non sense, lies) in television adverts or newspapers. You can also understand different kinds of information about the football or cricket team. Even simple maths equations are just around us, like spherical shapes of soap bubbles, ripples on the surface of water.Maths help engineer in making different shapes with geometrical shape the structure of the building was not possible. The beauty of maths is not only around us unless a strong know how of maths help us in every day life too. Just start looking around you and you will find that how maths is help full to you in your life We do calculations and ensure if their design is safe or not, similarly mathematics helps us to plan things for future either is any production environment for products or services. It helps us to have an idea that how much earning or spending has been done and would it be beneficial to do a certain activity or not.In todays world mathematics is being applied everywhere like in the economy of a country, construction of buildings, marking and evaluation of persons. It would be appropriate to say that mathematics has helped a lot in achieving the fast speed life with all its comforts and delights. Without math, one would not be able to function in the REAL world. We use math to purchase things we want, we use math to measure, tell time and so on. We all need the basics but having a more advanced knowledge in math such as geometry, algebra and metric system always helps. As they say knowledge is priceless. Without math, one would not be able to function in the realworld.We use math to purchase things we want, we use math to measure, tell time and so on. We all need the basics but having a more advanced knowledge in math such as geometry, algebra and metric system always helps. As they say knowledge is priceless. Without math, one would not be able to function in the realworld. We use math to purchase things we want, we use math to measure, tell time and so on. We all need the basics but having a more advanced knowledge in math such as geometry, algebra and metric system always helps. As they say knowledge is priceless.

Target vs. Walmart Essay Example for Free

localize vs. Walmart EssayOnce an employee is hired, a lot of money is invested to ensure proper training of distributively and all(prenominal) employee. place does their best to try and ensure they hire non only good aggroup members, just enceinte managers to lead the aggroup members. After an employee is hired, they instill their motto of Fast, Fun, and Friendly into each employee. goat wishings each employee to follow this motto. Even lingo at Target has made a positive impact. For example, Target does not call people who come and in shop customers, instead they call them guests. They want to ensure their guests thumb at home. My research is about Target being the best in customer service compared to another(prenominal) retail chains. I am going to find studies, articles, and do an experiment with the class. I plan on showing evidence that because Target has go acrossed different techniques, which is what makes them successful. I used to never shop at Target beca use other retail stores are closer to my home. After working at Target and perceive how the store was put together and the type of training employees go through, I lead always be a Target customer.While working at Target, I always thought to myself, If only Wal-Mart would implement the technologies and training that Target employees receive, they would be unbeat suitable. I puzzle no idea why Wal-Mart wont get walkies for every sales floor employee. When I walk into a Walmart, Meijer, Kroger, etc. , I deal I will have a really hard beat finding an employee who knows where the items are that I need. When I go into a Target, I have confidence that any sales floor soul can help me. My research is from personal knowledge and from a journal article I set through the UC library website.In July 2010, Consumer Reports did a rating of 11 stores and in best to worst the stores class-conscious were Costco, Dillards, Kohls, JCPenny, Target, Sams Club, Sears, Macys, Meijer, Wal-Mart, an d Kmart. Im not at all surprised that Wal-Mart was second to destination and also not surprised that Target is right up there with department stores. Wal-Mart had the worst thinkable rating in returns, checkout, store problems, and product quality of clothing items. In conclusion, if Wal-Mart would focus just as much attention on customer service as they do low prices, they would be unstoppable.Walkies may be a large expense, however, I believe they will pay for themselves. They will be able to find items quicker for customers, check out will run smoother, and because of the better customer service, they will attend to an increase in repeat customers. I worked at Target from _________________ I got to personally experience what great team work really is. In that time, I gained valuable skills that Ill have for the rest of my life. apiece Target store is a manager-led store. For the most part, Target does a really good job hiring subtile people who can lead teams.However, in my case, sometimes Target lets bad apples slip through the cracks. Target has a store leader, Executive team Leaders for each department, team leaders for each department, twain brand team members in softlines (clothing, shoes, and accessories) and one brand team in hardlines. From what I personally witnessed, if you have great managers team members will work together more effectively and be happy. In softlines, the ETL and team lead were very bias and cruel. Softlines constantly had people switching out of the department, were constantly complaining, and softlines had a high turn-over rate. How Stores Stack Up Consumer Reports Vol. 75, Issue 7, p. 20-21 (July 2010) For my presentation to the class, Im going to do an experiment. If the library allows me, I am going to borrow two walkies. If walkies are unavailable, I can use cell phones as a backup. Im going to ask for 4 volunteers. There will be Team Target and Team Wal-Mart. I will allow one person on each team an item that a cu stomer is going to ask for (I will be the customer). I will hence give Team Target the walkies. I will ask the people with the items to go anywhere they want to inside or outside ofFlory, out of sight. I will then pretend Im a customer and ask both people for the item that I sent with their team mates. I will have both teams use the current communication method that the stores they represent use. Team Target will get on the walkie and say, Team, where can I find (whatever item it is I will give them)? The other Target team member will say, Its in (and give their location). Team Wal-Mart will use the guessing method and have to look for where their team member is. I will time them both and see who can help the customer faster.

Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

huckabackleberry Finn EssayThe Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain, takes place during the nonmodern era, and revolves around a young boy, named Huck. The nonmodern era was the years reclaim before the Civil War, so Huck was living in a dark and murky time in Ameri great deal History. Huck starts off by living with The Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson, who is trying to civilize him or make him to be what the perfect child should look like and make him act how a perfect child should act. Huck does not want that.He just wants to live how he wants, just like most young want. In the novel, Huckleberry Finn befriends a runaway slave, Jim, and his calamitys begin. According to Dennis Puopard, Mark Twain exposed many of the dark problems of nonmodern United States. Some say Mark Twain wrote this episodic novel as a boys adventure story and that Huck is a character that children should look up to. (422) Modern readers do not analyze Huckleberry Fi nn as a childrens book because the book is racist, there a themes of lying, and characters object and criticize authority.Because, modern readers take to the book as improper for children The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is on the banned books list on many school in the United States. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn there are racial slurs, lies, and profanity. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not a childrens book in todays hostel because of the prominent theme of race. The topic of race and racism is strong in todays society. If a modern American citizen uses racial slurs against another race in a hurtful way that citizen would be convicted with a distressing offense.A racial slur such as the excogitate ringtail is not tolerable todays society. The word nigger was used to belittle and dehumanize African American slaves, such as Jim, in antebellum United States. Through out the book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, author Mark Twain includes racial slurs such as the word, nigger toward African American characters, such as Jim and other slaves. Good gracious anybody hurt? Nom. Killed a nigger. Well, its prospering because sometimes people do get hurt.( Twain 109). This quote shows how the white society views Jim different then themselves. They view Jim as property rather than a human with a living breathing heart. This dialoged amid two white characters just shows how hurtful and cruelly someone can sound just by taking. Barbra L. Jackson professor at Fordham University in New York City says, It is hard to teach The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in a diverse class because of its racial views. (63).If a college professor has a hard time teaching the book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to her class, how can it be easy for high school students who are studding the novel, or even young boys whom pick up the book and start reading it? Also, Barbra L. Jackson says, I always see a lack in participation, when studying the book, the st udents do not want to read out loud, (64). The students do not feel right saying nigger out loud because they do not want to offend any of their classmates.The students last that the word, nigger is a taboo in modern society. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should not be taught or read to children because of the racial slurs. The type of racial language that Mark Twain uses in the book is offensive and crude. The exposure of the racial slurs to young children would be harmful. The young children will think it is okay to say the new words they overtake from reading The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which would get them into trouble in the future.

Free

Free exit and Moral Responsibility Es asseverateThis collection of essays has its roots in a conclave on rationalize go forth and moral accountability held at Monash University in November 2005, though only a few of the paper arrangeed at the conference have do it into the current volume. We would want to thank both the participants at this conference and the contri exclusivelyors to this volume, as well as Camb ridge Scholars Publishing for inviting us to put the collection together. Grateful acknowledgement is as well as made to the editor of the online journal, Sorites, where Nick Trakakis paper, Whither Morality in a Hard Determinist World?, was in the requireinning published (in vol. 19, December 2007). Finally, thanks to Shannon Weekes for her assistance in compiling the Index. INTRODUCTION NICK TRAKAKIS AND DANIEL COHEN Much of the affair of the warrant go away ponder depends on the assumption that relieve go away is necessary for moral obligation. In p articular, it is because responsibleness have the appearance _or_ semblances so main(prenominal) for our practical bears that weighs roughly the compatibility of lighten allow for and determinism seem so urgent.However, often meters of the discussion in this volume bypasses this link. Instead, questions atomic number 18 grind awayd that directly concern responsibility, such as whether it is compatible with determinism (see, for example, the essays by Fischer, Widerker, and Pereboom) and whether it is compatible with indeterminism (for example, the ex transpose between Levy and Kane). For the purposes of this introduction, we have not attempted to summarize the respective(a) slipway in which the contributors cons veritable the metaphysical foundations of moral responsibility.Instead, we wish to address a much than preliminary matter. In the first part of this introduction, our aim is to say mostthing ab start what we recall when we say that some genius is morally liable. It is surely principal(prenominal) to shed light on this so mavenr addressing both further substantive issues because, if we dont clarify the meaning of this key term, in that location remains a significant danger that different participants in the weigh about the hypothesis of moral responsibility pull up stakes simply talk past apiece new(prenominal).This suggests that in order to conduct a fruitful debate participants need firstly to agree on the character of their subject-matter and, perhaps, to disambiguate different dimensions of the debate that arise if the term moral responsibility has different connotations. In the southward part of the introduction, we will discuss a neglected Wittgensteinian perspective on the notions of license and responsibility, a perspective that whitethorn help to clarify some of the cloudiness that arises when we ask what it means to say that a person is liberate or trusty. 1. The Meaning of Responsibility.Before proceeding t o ask whether people ar, in fact, ever morally prudent, it seems that an important preliminary matter needs to be settled. That is, we need to ask what we mean when we say that a person is x asylum morally trus twainrthy. As will right away m another(prenominal) clear, settling this preliminary matter is, in fact, much harder than it first seems. Many of the controversies concerning the possibility of responsibility exact out even when we try to say on the button what responsibility means. Lets start with a pick out that seems relatively uncontroversial.We will simply assume that person A is responsible is a prescriptive claim. That is to say, it is a claim to the effect that it is appropriate to behave A responsible in certain circumstances (circumstances, for example, where A has acted wrongly and where no mitigating, justifying, or excusing factors are present). However, this account of the meaning of A is responsible raises at to the lowest degree(prenominal) card inal further issues. Firstly, we need to say more about what it means to stanch some champion responsible and, secondly, we need to say more about the nature and hindquarters of the norms that govern appropriate responsibility ascription.It is important to keep in mind that our goal, in clarifying these two questions, should not be to settle any question regarding whether people are, in fact, ever morally responsible. Rather, we want to settle the wrong of this debate in the lead it begins. To this extent, we need sufficiently neutral accounts both of the nature of responsibility ascription and of its normative land so that we dont beg any substantive questions before debate has even begun. As we will try to show, however, this is a instead elusive goal. The only neutral account of the nature of responsibility attribution renders the normative question deeply controversial.And the only neutral account of the normative basis of responsibility attribution renders the nature of responsibility attribution deeply controversial. Holding Responsible There bet to be two plausible contending projects regarding the nature of responsibility attribution. On cognitivist accounts, holding A responsible fundamentally involves believing something to be true of A, while on noncognitivist accounts, holding A responsible essentially involves holding some conative pose towards A. (Cognitivists may, of data track, argue that responsibility attribution is also usually associated with some conative stead.However, they will maintain that it is attainable to hold someone responsible without holding such conative attitudes. Similarly for noncognitivist accounts, mutatis mutandis. ) Non-cognitivism appears to provide the most successful neutral basis on which to premise the debate concerning the possibility of responsibility. This is because thither seems little room for debate concerning the conative attitudes that characterize blueprint responsibility Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xi attribution. In particular, few would disagree that responsibility attribution is strongly associated with the reactive attitudes identified by P.F. Strawson, i. e. , resentment, indignation, anger and so on. 1 If one wishes to argue, however, that the reactive attitudes, while prevalent, are incidental to responsibility attribution, it is much harder to locate any special K ground concerning the notions that are essential to responsibility attribution. oneness may suggest, for instance, that to hold A responsible is to believe that she is the starting time of some bad behaviour. Deep controversies quickly emerge on this view, however. wiz big business spell take sourcehood to involve a mental claim, for instance that A really wanted to act wrongly.2 However, others might object that any such glib psychological account fails to explain why it is fair to blame A for the wrongdoing (see Smilanskys contribution). One might object, in this vein, that any such p sychological story is unable to show that an agent really is the source of her having certain desires or values (see McKennas contribution), and that sourcehood thus requires some more obscure metaphysical basis (e. g. , agent-causation). Alternatively, one may suggest that sourcehood involves some impossible requirement such as that an agent was self-created.3 On this view, holding someone responsible is essentially impossible. 4 Our goal is to account for the meaning of responsibility in neutral terms so as to provide a basis for constructive debate about the conditions (and the very possibility) of responsibility. It appears, however, that the cognitivist view of responsibility attribution quickly leads to debates that already beg these important questions before debate has even begun This suggests that the scoop theory-neutral account of the meaning of responsibility must explain holding responsible in non-cognitivist terms.The Normative Basis of Responsibility Attribution Reca ll that, for the purposes of this discussion, we have assumed a normative account of responsibility according to which A is responsible means it is appropriate to hold A responsible in certain conditions. Having addressed how best to interpret what holding A responsible might mean, without mendicancy any important questions, we need now to turn to a second question raised by the normative account when exactly is it appropriate to hold someone responsible? In other words, what are the norms that govern appropriate responsibility attribution?Again, there are two plausible contending views appropriateness may be explained either in terms of practical norms (taking holding responsible to be analogous cardinal Introduction to the performance of an action) or by way of doxastic norms (taking holding responsible to be analogous to the establishment of a thought). Again, only on one of these accountsthe doxastic viewis it possible to offer an appropriately uncontroversial chronicle of t he norms implicit in responsibility attribution. On the doxastic view, one ought to hold A responsible if and only if it is true that A is responsible.On this view, the normative basis of responsibility attribution straightforwardly derives from the normativity of belief. It is clear that the doxastic account presupposes the cognitivist view discussed earlier, according to which holding A responsible involves believing something about her. Given this view of the nature of responsibility attribution, the normative question concerning when responsibility attribution is appropriatehas a straightforward answer. Unfortunately, as we saw, there is no uncontroversial way to account for the righteousness-conditions of A is responsible, on the cognitivist assumption that it involves belief.So, in spite of the advantages of the doxastic view in providing a neutral account of the normative basis of responsibility attribution, this view at the same time precludes us from obtaining a neutral v iew regarding the nature of responsibility attribution (i. e. , the verity-conditions for the belief that A is responsible. ) qualification we find an account of the normative basis of responsibility attribution that is consistent with the preferable non-cognitivist view adumbrate earlier? This would have to involve an alternative view, according to which responsibility attribution is justified in justice of practical norms.However, if responsibility attribution is governed by practical norms, then things are much less straightforward. One may suggest that the relevant practical norms are just moral norms, so that A is responsible states something like It is morally obligatory (or, perhaps, permissible) to hold A responsible. This view may appear at present problematic because the appropriateness of responsibility attribution will now depend on further questions that are deeply controversial (for instance, questions concerning the debate between consequentialism and nonconseque ntialism see Vargas contribution).A more fundamental worry arises concerning the methodological appropriateness of courting to moral norms. One may argue, for instance, that the nature of moral obligation, itself, depends on the foundations of responsibility, which is, of course, the question at issue. Haji (in his contribution) argues that the best metaphysical basis of responsibility (i. e. , event-causal libertarianism) renders moral obligation essentially lucky. This suggests that there would be something viciously circular in explaining the meaning of responsibility Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xiii in terms of some claim about our moral obligations. (See also Trakakis contribution. )To avoid these worries, one may appeal to practical norms that appear to be more fundamental than any particular moral system. For instance, R. J. Wallace offers a normative account of responsibility that appeals to fairness. 5 This is meant to provide a normative basis for responsibility that r emains neutral on more substantive moral issues. (See also Smilanskys contribution. ) Clearly, however, appealing to practical norms launches us into further debates that already beg the question at issue.Again, such an account seems ill-suited for the purpose of setting up a neutral descriptional example on which to premise further debate. A Dilemma Our aim has been to find some neutral definition of responsibility to enable further non-question-begging debates about the possibility and conditions of responsibility. It seems that this goal gives rise to a tricky dilemma. The best theory-neutral account of holding responsible is the non-cognitivist account. However, this account appears incompatible with the best theory-neutral account of the norms that govern responsibility attributionthe doxastic account.The doxastic account, in turn, seems compatible only with the most problematic account of holding responsiblethe cognitivist account. This is a bewilder result. Even though res ponsibility clearly gives rise to very complex issues, it is surprising that it is not possible even to define the terms of the debate without deep controversy. The worry thus remains that debates about the possibility and conditions of responsibility are essentially question-begging, insofar as different participants to the debate conceive of its key terms differently.Must we conclude, then, that different people and different theorists are indeed talking past apiece other when they debate about the possibility of responsible action? This, of course, would be a depressingly deflationist cultivation. There is a possible way out, however, that is rarely canvassed. If the question concerns the meaning of responsibility, one might suggest that there are, perhaps, other ways to settle things. In particular, isnt the meaning of a term determined by our use of the term? (Or, at least, isnt use a good withdraw to meaning?)Thus, appeal to real-world attributions of responsibility may ill uminate the meaning of the term responsible. Such a methodology is sometimes rejected on the grounds that real-world attributions are rife with internal inconsistency (see, for example, Cohen xiv Introduction and Salings contribution). exclusively perhaps a closer project at the Wittgensteinian solution to the problem of license and responsibility will throw new light on the matter. 2. Making Sense of Free impart A Wittgensteinian Account Wittgenstein published very little during his livelinesstime, and even less on the thing of free will.He does, however, make some pertinent remarks in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus that mirror in some reckon the contemporary debates on free will. As is well known, the early Wittgenstein claims to have definitively solved the central problems of philosophy, and by implication this would include the perennial problem of free will. Wittgensteins strategy proceeds by separating good sense from nonsense. The realm of sense is delimited in the light of his picture theory of meaning, according to which a proposal is meaningful (or capable of expressing a fact) only if it can represent or picture a particular state of affairs.What cannot thus be represented is consigned to silence, or as Wittgenstein resplendently put it at the conclusion of his book, What we cannot speak about we must pass over in silence (proposition 7). 6 In the course of the book, however, it soon becomes clear that what can be meaningfully said are only the propositions of natural science, thereby leaving out of the realm of sense a daunting number of statements which are regularly made and used in language, including the propositions of logic, aesthetics, religion, and (most relevant for our purposes here) conventional metaphysics and ethics. exclusively unlike the positivists, Wittgenstein does not assume that what is nonsensical is of no value. As he stated in a letter to a prospective publisher, Ludwig von Ficker My work consists of two part s the one presented here plus all that I have not written. And it is precisely this second part that is the important one. 7 Further, ethical and metaphysical truths that cannot be said or formulated in sayable (sensical) propositions can nonetheless be shown There are, indeed, things that cannot be put into words. They make themselves manifest. They are what is mystical (6. 522).In line with this austere outlook, Wittgenstein hints in the Tractatus that the very concepts at issue in the free will debateconcepts such as emancipation and responsibilitycannot be meaningfully expressed. Although in propositions 5. 1361 (We cannot infer the events of the future from those of the present) and 5. 1362 (The freedom of the will consists in the impossibility of knowing actions that still lie in the future) he seems to reject determinism as false and to accept freedom of the will as true, rather than rejecting both as nonsensical, here we arguably have a Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xv min imalist construct of free will as zero point more than ignorance or uncertainty regarding the future, as opposed to a substantive loyalty to the metaphysical idea of a will that could be free or unfree.This is confirmed in afterwards passages where Wittgenstein takes the impartiality of causalitythe principle that every event has a causeto be not a law but the form of a law (6. 32), adding a few propositions later that, If there were a law of causality, it might be put in the following way There are laws of nature. further of course that cannot be said it makes itself manifest (6. 36).The law of causality, in other words, is not itself a law of logic nor a law of nature (or an empirical generalization), nor a synthetic a priori proposition, but rather something purely logical (6. 3211), a vacuous principle that tells us, not something about the world, but only something about the form our thinking about the world must take. only if what is formal, according to the Tractatus, can only be shown, not said. On this view, then, the law of causality, and by extension any substantial or metaphysical article of belief of determinism, cannot be affirmed or denied, but must be placed in the category of ineffability or nonsense.Similarly, the denial of determinismviz. , indeterminismis bound to result in nonsense. At one stroke, then, Wittgenstein seems to have dissolved the free will problem. Contemporary discussions of free will often take a similar turn. For example, concepts such as free will and moral responsibility are routinely rejected as internally disjointed or contradictory, or as incompatible with determinism or indeterminism (or both), and like the early Wittgenstein this result is achieved simply through and through a kind of armchair or a priori reflection on the conditions of possibility of free will and responsibility.A glaring instance of this is Galen Strawsons pessimist conclusion that free will, of the sort that is necessary for genuine mor al responsibility, is impossible, for in order to have that kind of free will (according to Strawson) one would per impossible have to be the ultimate cause or origin of oneself, a sort of causa sui. But what is neglected in this cognitive operation is wariness to particulars, to the variety of ways in which concepts such as free will and responsibility right in different discourses and social practices.This, of course, is the message of the later Wittgenstein, the Wittgenstein of the Philosophical Investigations8, which effects a fundamental change of perspective from the realm of an idealized logical language with rigorous definitions and analyses to the vagaries of everyday carriage and action out of which arise the multifarious language games. The earlier reduction of language to representation is now seen as unequal to(p) of doing justice to the rich fabric of human language, and so xvi IntroductionWittgenstein famously moves from a conception of meaning as representation to a view of meaning as use language as a kind of doing rather than a kind of picturing. We are indeed exhorted to look and see (PI 66) whether there is anything in common in the variety of uses to which a word is put. We cannot simply assume that words like freedom and responsibility must have a hidden essence, or a universally applicable meaning that can be formulated in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions.Rather, we need to look to the complicated entanglement of overlapping and criss-crossing similaritieswhat Wittgenstein calls family resemblancesbetween various words as these find expression in ordinary life and in various language games. Each language game, however, has its own unique grammar (or network of rules which determine what lingual or conceptual moves are allowed as making sense) and its own criteria of truth, rationality and intelligibility which may or may not be shared by other language games.What counts as freedom of the will may therefore differ wide ly depending on which language game is being vie freedom, for some religious believers, requires the extinction of ones will, while for purposes of legislation freedom may be conceived of as requiring a significant degree of self-determination. Underlying this view is the rejection of the mathematical ideal of the Tractatus, typified by statements that are put forward as impersonal, unambiguous and impervious to context, and whose truth is intended to be timeless and without qualification.Language, for the later Wittgenstein, is a much more dynamic, diversified and activity-oriented phenomenon. And to be faithful to the richness and complexity of this phenomenon demands an appreciation of the bewildering and sometimes conflicting ways in which words and conceptsfree will and responsibility includedare used. It may be instructive to briefly compare (the later) Wittgensteins treatment of religious belief with his remarks on free will and voluntary action.Consider, for example, how Wi ttgenstein, in his Remarks on Frazers Golden Bough, responds to the phenomenon of religious diversity, to the fact that different religions seem to say different and incompatible things about (e. g. ) the nature of divine or ultimate reality and the nature and destiny of the human race Was Augustine in error, then, when he called upon God on every page of the Confessions? Butone might sayif he was not in error, surely the Buddhist holy man wasor anyone elsewhose religion gives expression to completely different views.But none of them was in error, except when he set forth a theory. 9 Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xvii Against philosophers and anthropologists like James George Frazer, who construe religious doctrines as hypotheses or theories that can be confirmed or disconfirmed in light of empirical evidence, Wittgenstein views each religion as embodying a unique form of life that finds expression in language games whose rules (relating to truth, rationality, intelligibility, and so on) may diverge quite dramatically from those of science.On this view, the various religions of the world are not in the business of constructing hypotheses and searching for evidence, and so they are not in competition with one another, at least in the way that scientific theories may vie for the mantle of verisimilitude. The problem of religious diversity is therefore dissolved. No language game, religious or otherwise, has a monopoly on truth and on the meaning of truth.Wittgenstein is thus opposed to both the religious exclusivist, who maintains that there is one religion which is privileged with respect to truth and soteriological effectiveness, and the scientistic philosopher who argues that the methods and techniques of science (perhaps construed broadly enough to include philosophy and logic) are our only reliable guide to truth. Instead, Wittgenstein places all language games on an equal footing, allowing a thousand flowers to bloom. Thus, as David Pears has perceptively pointed out, Wittgensteins later work has an extraordinary levelling effect.It does not assimilate one kind of discourse to another on the contrary, it is ceaselessly the differences between them that are emphasized, and particularly the difference between factual discourse and the other kinds. But it does bring all the great philosophical questions which arise within them back to the same level, ordinary human life, from which philosophy started. Philosophy is the voyage out, and the voyage back, both of which are necessary if the logical space of our ordinary linguistic practices is to be understood. 10One of these great philosophical questions is, of course, the question of free will and moral responsibility. On this matter, as with questions to do with religious faith, Wittgenstein refused the dominance of science on elbow roomrn thinking rather than constructing systematic theories that dictate from on highinevitably from a position that holds up science as the mildew for all other discourseshow the phenomena in question are to be understood, we are brought back time and again to particular facts and examples rooted in everyday language and practices.Taking such an approach to free will can produce startling results. For one thing, the belief in free will begins to look more like a religious commitment than a theoretical or scientific belief. Wittgensteins Kierkegaardian (or, more pejoratively, fideistic) account of religious belief is well known xviii Introduction It strikes me that a religious belief could only be something like a passionate commitment to a system of reference. Hence, although its belief, its really a way of living, or a way of assessing life.Its passionately seizing hold of this interpretation. 11 But his somewhat similar account of free will has received less attention, despite the ever-expanding publishing industry on free will In the sense in which asking a question and insisting on an answer is expressive of a different attit ude, a different mode of life, from not asking it, the same can be said of utterances like It is Gods will or We are not masters of our fate. The work done by this sentence, or at any rate something like it, could also be done by a command Including one which you give yourself.12 Life is like a path along a mountain ridge to left and right are slippery slopes down which you slide without being able to stop yourself, in one direction or the other. I keep seeing people slip like this and I say How could a man help himself in such a situation And that is what denying free will comes to.That is the attitude expressed in this belief. But it is not a scientific belief and has nothing to do with scientific convictions. 13 Thus, belief in free will, much like religious belief, does not purport to express an empirical fact, but is rather expressive of an attitude, a mode of life, an imperative to live in a certain way. In the two lectures he delivered at Cambridge on freedom of the will, Wi ttgenstein went on to characterize belief in free will as groundless, as not support by evidence or arguments14, again indicating parallels with religious faith.To better appreciate this view of free will, one might introduce certain ideas from the Philosophical Investigations and, especially, On Certainty. 15 In the former work, Wittgenstein speaks of our beliefs as founded upon a bedrock certainty If I have exhausted the justifications for following a rule I have reached bedrock, and my cut into is turned.Then I am inclined to say This is simply what I do (PI 217). Similarly, in OC 341 Wittgenstein states, the questions that we raise and our doubts depend on the fact that some propositions are exempt from doubt, are as it were like hinges on which those turn (cf. OC 88). Although Wittgenstein refers here to propositions as acting as hinges, it is commonly thought that in the more fledged phase of his epistemic work Wittgenstein thought of practices rather than propositions as pr imary.This, then, is no traditional foundationalism, where an inferential descent is thought to obtain between the set of beliefs that comprise the foundations and the other beliefs we hold, with the former justifying the latter. Instead, for Wittgenstein what lies at the bottom or at the foundations of our language Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xix games are not specific beliefs or propositions, but ungrounded ways of acting (OC 110, 204), communal practices (OC 128, 298), and forms of life (OC 7, 358). It is in this spirit that Wittgenstein quotes from Goethes Faust In the beginning was the deed (OC 402).Nonetheless, our practices and forms of life can be said to show or manifest the beliefs (or quasi-beliefs) and assumptions upon which we base our lives, including such beliefs as I have two hands and The world has existed for more than 10 minutes. However, in opposition to G. E. Moore, Wittgenstein describes these as certainties rather than knowledge-claims, for they are not gr ounded in evidence or open to verification, but express an attitude and a way of acting, and so are not true or false, reasonable or unreasonable, but simply therelike our life (OC 559, cf. 162, 205).It would be arguably in keeping with this epistemological account, in conjunction with the later Wittgensteins remarks on free will, to say that belief in free will (and moral responsibility) may also function, at least in some contexts, as one of the bedrock certainties, as one of the things that stand fast for us in our actions and practices (cf. OC 116), or as the example within which our ethical practices operate and are made intelligible. There are close parallels here with existentialist philosophy, where to exist as a human being and to be free (almost) come to the same thing.Jean-Paul Sartre, for example, famously stated that we are condemned to freedom, not free not to be free. In a similar vein, the Russian religious existentialist Nikolai Berdiaev, dubbed the philosopher of freedom, eschewed traditional accounts of freedom, which treat free will as an object that could someways be perceived, investigated and proved or disproved from the outside, and adopted instead the Kantian position that freedom is a use up of action it is something we must presuppose to even think of a world in which human life and human agency are possible.Wittgenstein would have been sympathetic to this outlook, for like the existentialists he is primarily concerned with cover social and linguistic practices and seeks to provide a philosophical understanding of human existence that is not confine to the explanatory framework of science (or even that of much traditional philosophy). For Wittgenstein, therefore, belief in free will, just as much as belief in God, is not threatened by scientific discoveries we couldnt say now If they discover so and so, then Ill say I am free.16 In line with this view, Wittgenstein spends some time in his lectures on freedom of the will in attem pting to show that even if a deterministic account of the world were demanded by our best scientific theories, belief in free will need not be affected at all. 17 But he is not thereby putting forward a case for compatibilism All these arguments xx Introduction might look as if I wanted to argue for the freedom of the will or against it. But I dont want to.18 Wittgenstein does not follow the traditional course of attempting to cut off the free will problem by proving one position or refuting another. His aim, as with other traditional philosophical problems, is to expose the problem as some kind of deep muddle or confusion arising largely from misunderstandings of the workings of language. One recurrent criticism of this view is that it appears to render the language games of science, religion, and ethics all self-contained and cut off from each other, if not also immune from criticism from without.This, indeed, is a common misconception of the Wittgensteinian account of religion, and in response Wittgensteinians such as D. Z. Phillips have emphasized the many important connections between religious and nonreligious forms of life which (it is held) must be recognized if religious belief is not to exuberant into superstition. Similarly, Wittgenstein points out that scientific discoveries may have a bearing on ascriptions of free will A discovery might influence what you say on the freedom of the will. If only by directing your attention in a particular way.19 But despite these connections between the scientific and non-scientific domains, Wittgenstein insists that the distinctiveness of each language game must not be overlooked. In particular, the languages of ethics and religion must not be assimilated to the kind of fact-stating discourse and fact-finding activities that characterize the empirical sciences.